Course Materials Essay

Data Systems in Global Business Today,† of Management Information Systems. Perusing Read Ch. 2, â€Å"Global E-Business and Collaboration,† of Management Information Systems. ParticipationParticipate in class conversation. 3 out of 7 days; 8 for the week least. Support on extra days is suggested. 3 out of 7 days with 2 posts least on those 4 days2 Supporting Activity Business Integration Levels Resources: SkillSoft (2012). IT Strategy Essentials: Business and IT Strategy Alignment. Complete The Business Integration Levels module in Skillport. Envision you have been recruited by a little very much supported new business to help with their IT-empowered business technique. Your first undertaking is to tell them the components engaged with utilizing IT-empowered business system. Compose an email depicting its five components empowered business technique. Answer the accompanying inquiries in 200 to 300 words each: †¢What are the upsides of adjusting business and IT techniques? †¢How does IT convey business benefits that are identified with the business procedure? Monday; post to review book2 Learning Team Instructions Learning Team CharterComplete and present the Learning Team Charter. Learning Team Instructions Service Request SR-rm-012 Paper and Presentation (Preparation)Resource: Virtual Organization for Riordan Manufacturing Begin taking a shot at Service Request SR-rm-012, Business Systems, for Riordan Manufacturing. Compose a 10-to 12-page paper and make a Microsoftâ ® PowerPoint ® introduction of the undertaking, due in Week Five. Accept that the paper and introduction are to be introduced to an official administration board of trustees. At the very least, the paper must incorporate the accompanying: Each kind of business framework and subsystem †¢A depiction of every business framework and subsystem †¢Identification of the interrelationships of business frameworks and subsystems Individual System Inventory For this task, you will look over the accompanying choices: †¢Option 1: Virtual Organization System Inventory †¢Option 2: General IT System Inventory Read the directions in the University of Phoenix Material: System Inventory situated on the understudy site and select one alternative to finish the task. Monday; post to review book5 Week Two: Business Environment DetailsDuePoints Objectives2. Distinguish monetary, government, and lawful impacts on business. 2. 2Describe the moral and security contemplations for a data framework in business. 2. 3Describe the requirement for safety efforts in IT associations and data frameworks. Perusing Read Ch. 3, â€Å"Information Systems, Organizations, and Strategy,† of Management Information Systems. ReadingRead Ch. 4, â€Å"Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems,† of Management Information Systems. ReadingRead Ch. 8, â€Å"Securing Information Systems,† of Management Information Systems. ParticipationParticipate in class conversation. Support on extra days is suggested. 3 out of 7 days with 2 posts least on those 4 days2 Supporting Activity Security Threats and DefensesResources: SkillSoft (2012). Control Fundamentals and Security Threats. Complete The Security Threats and Defenses module in Skillport. Compose an enlightening notice to a business director that doesn't completely comprehend the requirement for safety efforts. Stress the danger of not ensuring against referred to security dangers, for example, social building. Answer the accompanying in the update in 200 to 300 words each: Talk about the job that planning representatives to perceive and react to social building procedures should play in the organization’s generally speaking data security program. †¢Note three explicit social designing methods. Talk about how they can be perceived and how to best get ready representatives for every likely assault. Monday; post to review book2 Learning Team Instructions Service Request SR-rm-012 Paper and Presentation (Preparation)Resource: Virtual Organization for Riordan Manufacturing Review the Home page and the Finance, and Accounting page situated on the intranet site for Riordan Manufacturing. Recognize and portray, in light of your audit, existing and required business frameworks and subsystems. Draft the initial 2 to 3 pages of the paper. Singular Service Request SR-kf-013 PaperKudler Fine Foods is building up another incessant customer program. Subtleties of this program are portrayed in the Service Request SR-kf-013 and on the Sales and Marketing page of the Kudler Fine Foods intranet site. Compose a 3-to 5-page paper portraying the likely legitimate, moral, and data security concerns identified with the improvement of the Kudler Fine Foods Frequent Shopper Program. Talk about in your paper a particular costs identified with these issues that are pertinent to your survey. These could incorporate fines and different costs identified with issues in these regions. Keep your investigation concentrated on the mentioned concerns, not simply the undertaking. Your paper should concentrate on making the board mindful of the issues that must be tended to in the new framework and ought not legitimately spread the usage procedure. Remember for your depiction how this data framework affects the hierarchical structure. Monday; post to review book15 Week Three: Finance and Accounting DetailsDuePoints Analyze bookkeeping data frameworks. 3. 2Analyze bookkeeping data frameworks and business forms. ReadingRead Ch. 1, â€Å"An Introduction to the Role of Accounting in the Business World,† of Core Concepts of Accounting. ReadingRead Ch. 2, â€Å"Concepts and Elements Underlying Accounting,† of Core Concepts of Accounting. ReadingRead Ch. 9, â€Å"The Corporate Income Statement and Financial Statement Analysis,† of Core Concepts of Accounting. ParticipationParticipate in class conversation. 3 out of 7 days; 8 for the week least. Support on extra days is suggested. Talk about the need to incorporate bookkeeping frameworks with those in the remainder of the endeavor. For what reason would such frameworks need to have consistent information takes care of from all through the undertaking? Monday; post to review book2 Learning Team Instructions Service Request SR-rm-012 Paper and Presentation (Preparation)Resource: Virtual Organization for Riordan Manufacturing Review the Human Resources and Legal pages situated on the intranet site for Riordan Manufacturing. Recognize and depict, in view of your survey, existing and required business frameworks and subsystems. Draft the following 2 to 3 pages of the paper. Person Bookkeeping System PaperFor this task, you will look over the accompanying choices: †¢Option 1: Kudler Accounting System Paper †¢Option 2: Profit and Loss Statement Paper Read the directions in the University of Phoenix Material: Accounting System Paper situated on the understudy site and select one alternative to finish the task. Monday; post to review book15 Week Four: Sales and Marketing DetailsDuePoints Objectives4. 1Examine contemporary advertising rehearses. 4. 2Describe promoting in the electronic trade condition. ReadingRead Ch. 1, â€Å"Marketing: Creating and Capturing Customer Value,† of Marketing. ReadingRead Ch. 2, â€Å"Company and Marketing Strategy: Partnering to Build Customer Relationships,† of Marketing. ReadingRead Ch. 4, â€Å"Managing Marketing Information to Gain Customer Insights,† of Marketing. ReadingRead Ch. 14, â€Å"Direct and Online Marketing: Building Direct Customer Relationships,† of Marketing. ReadingRead Ch. 16, â€Å"Sustainable Marketing: Social Responsibility and Ethics,† of Marketing. ParticipationParticipate in class conversation. 3 out of 7 days; 8 for the week least. Investment on extra days is suggested. 3 out of 7 days with 2 posts least on those 4 days2 Supporting Activity Web based life and Online MarketingResources: SkillSoft (2012). Advertising Essentials: Introduction to Marketing. Complete The Social Media and Online Marketing module in Skillport. Envision the IT branch of a medium-sized organization has recruited you. Your first assignment is to clarify the estimation of online networking as an advertising device. Compose a letter to the IT office wherein you talk about the key things the organization ought to do to build up a solid positive online life nearness. Answer the accompanying inquiries in the letter in 200 to 300 words each: †¢What job do IT frameworks play in showcasing? By what means can IT frameworks help bolster an organization’s promoting endeavors? †¢What are the key components of an organization’s online notoriety? By what means can they decidedly impact every one? Monday; post to review book2 Learning Team Instructions Service Request SR-rm-012 Paper and Presentation (Preparation)Review the Sales and Marketing page situated on the intranet site for Riordan Manufacturing. Recognize and portray, in light of your audit, existing and required business frameworks and subsystems. Draft the following 2 to 3 pages of the paper. Start taking a shot at your Microsoftâ ® PowerPoint ® introduction. Individual McBride Marketing PaperResource: Virtual Organization for McBride Financial Services McBride Financial Services needs to extend its client base and needs thoughts on what to invest in its new showcasing energy toward this objective. Compose a 3-to 5-page paper portraying a promoting plan for McBride Financial Services. In finishing the task, think about the accompanying: †¢What statistical surveying would you attempt? †¢What sorts of media would you use? †¢What are McBride’s target markets? †¢What are the contemplations for McBride to direct a segment of their promoting on the Internet? Clarify your thinking for your reactions. Monday; post to review book15 Week Five: Information Systems DetailsDuePoints Objectives5. 1Identify kinds of data frameworks and required security. 5. 2Apply the ideas of data frameworks to business forms. ReadingRead Ch. 1, â€Å"Informatio

Genetic Testing For Haemophilia Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(98) go to gatherings where exchanges are given to teach guardians on thinking about hemophiliac kids. MFA introduced to the day care of the Pediatric area with left mortise joint expanding for one twenty-four hours in the wake of hitting his mortise joint on a stone while playing in the flushing one twenty-four hours before induction. There was harming and wounding seen at the mortise joint enunciation after the injury. The expanding expanded in size and turned out to be progressively difficult all through the dull. We will compose a custom exposition test on Hereditary Testing For Hemophilia Health And Social Care Essay or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now His folks so carried him to the day care early the accompanying forenoon. Physical investigation uncovered expanding and delicacy at the left lower leg joint each piece great as diminished extent of movement on both inert and dynamic movement because of difficulty. There were other than various ecchymosis in various stages seen at the upper and lower appendages. A diagnosing of haemarthroses of the left mortise joint enunciation was made. MFA was transfused with 200IU of Factor VIII. The stinging and puffiness were diminished in disagreeableness however persevered all through the twenty-four hours. MFA came back to the day care the accompanying twenty-four hours for more Factor VIII. He was given Factor VIII transfusion 200 IU twice every day for the accompanying two yearss. The stinging and puffiness died down after 3 yearss. MFA was determined to have horrible Hemophilia Angstrom when he was eight months old enough. The diagnosing was made at the national blood donation center. Familial testing other than done at the national blood donation center uncovered that his female parent was a hemophilia cistron carrier. MFA gets transfusion of Factor VIII when he creates haemarthroses or shed blooding because of injury. He requires factor transfusion on a standard of one time at regular intervals. He has had rehashed medical clinic permissions with a mean duration of remain for three to four yearss. MFA has great family unit support and is an individual from the hemophilia society. He and his family unit have adjusted great to his unwellness. Understudy Name: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 Name OF SUPERVISOR: Dr Kyin ROTATION: Pediatricss Tolerant ‘S DETAILS I/C NUMBER: ( B ) 630902-01-6092 Age: 9 mature ages old Sexual movement: Male DATE OF ADMISSION: 23/04/09 R/N NUMBER: N/A 2 ) CLINICAL HISTORY Boss illness: MFA is a nine twelvemonth old male youngster who was determined to have hemophilia A since eight months old. He gave growing in the left mortise joint for one twenty-four hours. History of present unwellness: MFA was running in the field at school when he thumped his mortise joint against a major stone in the land on the eventide of the twenty-four hours before appearing at the day care. There was harming after he hit his mortise joint however he had the option to manage weight and walk. There was some wounding yet no drain at the site of hurt. The joint turned out to be progressively agonizing towards the dull and there was some puffiness, warmth and irritation which progressively expanded. The stinging expanded in disagreeableness to such an extent that MFA couldn't bear weight and utilized a wheelchair having a place with his sibling to go about the house. The stinging caused him some awkwardness however he had the option to kip. He did non take any absense of pain for the stinging. The accompanying twenty-four hours, MFA ‘s guardians carried him to the day care of the pediatric segment for a factor transfusion. Fundamental reappraisal was regular. MFA was chief determined to have hemophilia A when he was 8 months old enough. His folks saw that he created wounds at his authorities and articulatio genuss. This happened when he was tilting to crawl. A blood preliminary was done in the national blood donation center, and his folks were informed that MFA had horrible hemophilia A. His prompt family unit experienced testing and his female parent was seen as a conveyor of the hemophilia cistron. MFA gets factor VIII transfusion on a standard of one time at regular intervals. The transfusions are required when he creates haemarthroses or gum drain because of tooth rot. The joint most typically influenced is his correct articulatio class explanation. He has non built up any contractures. He does non ordinarily look for clinical intercession for wounds which are a typical occurring. He has non had mucosal shed blooding as nosebleed or hematuria. MFA would in some cases require emergency clinic induction for factor VIII transfusion. This is regularly when he has drain or awful harming because of a haemarthroses or a hematoma. At different occasions he would have the transfusion at the day care and bring place back. His folks would pass on him again to the hospital for the accompanying dose till the stinging and puffiness in the joint resolutenesss. In the event that a transfusion were required at dim when the day care is non loosened, MFA would go to the pediatric ward where the clinical official would have the option to administrate the factor VIII. His side effects would better with the factor VIII transfusion. MFA is a functioning male kid who preferences playing and running about. Anyway his educators in school limit his physical movement to non-contact athleticss, for example, badminton and running. He is other than disheartened from unsmooth dramatization with his cohorts. He wears versatile monitors around his cubituss and articulatio genuss to shield them from hurt. Anyway the flexible gatekeepers do non help much as he despite everything creates haemarthroses at those explanations. MFA is by and by throwing his decidual dentition. As such he requires factor VIII transfusion screen before tooth extraction. MFA is under followup at the pediatric center of Batu Pahat. He has defaulted the followup as his folks feel that nil much was finished during the visits. He just presents to the day care when requiring factor VIII transfusion. MFA has other than been alluded for exercise based recuperation after scenes of haemarthroses which breaking point movement in the explanations. He has gone to a couple Sessionss of exercise based recuperation so as to hinder contracture at verbalizations which have haemarthroses. He does non hold standard assignments. MFA is an individual from the hemophilia society. His folks all the time go to gatherings where exchanges are given to teach guardians on thinking about hemophiliac kids. You read Hereditary Testing For Hemophilia Health And Social Care Essay in classification Exposition models The individuals other than relate their encounters and advance each other. MFA has a surgeon qui vive jewelry which says that he has hemophilia A. Notwithstanding, he once in a while wears the surgeon qui vive. Past clinical history MFA has non had some other clinic permissions other than those because of hemophilia. Family ancestry MFA is the most youthful of three kin. His senior sister is twenty mature ages old and is acceptable. His senior sibling is 15 mature ages old and has a bone blister. He has experienced eight medical procedures to patch the bone sore each piece great as because of complexities, for example, refractures. The wheelchair which MFA utilized at place was purchased for his sibling ‘s use. MFA ‘s guardians are acceptable. There is no family unit history of hemophilia on his maternal side despite the fact that she is a conveyor. MFA ‘s female parent has 3 siblings yet every one of them are acceptable and do non hold hemophilias. There is no history of shed blooding upsets in the family unit. Social history MFA ‘s guardians are the two teachers. Anyway they need to lose venturing out to work as often as possible because of MFA ‘s status which requires visit visits to the hospital. In that capacity, MFA ‘s female parent has a specific concurrence with her schoolmaster which permits her to gain from 11 to 4 post-mortem examination. All things considered, she is free in the forenoon to pass on MFA to the clinic when he needs it. His folks other than offer great help for MFA in that they as often as possible go to hemophilia gatherings to refresh themselves on organizations to exceed consideration for their child. Birth history MFA was conceived at term in Hospital Batu Pahat. He was conveyed through a chosen cesarean conveyance development because of a breech introduction. There were no pre-birth abnormalcies recognized during regular pre-birth clinical assessment. There were no perinatal or station natal complexities. He was breast fed with his female parent after birth and released uneventfully. Formative history MFA is by and by in essential three of a profound school. He is an above mean understudy who completes in the best 10 of his classification. His educators have no diseases about his school task. Formative mileposts preceding this were totally accomplished at the suitable occasions. Dietary history MFA is on an adult eating regimen now. He eats adjusted repasts which are typically arranged by his female parent. He was breastfed till the age of seven months. Weaning was with porridge at five years old months. Inoculation history MFA has been inoculated fitting to the vaccination plan. After he was determined to have hemophilia A, his immunisations were done at the pediatric facility under factor VIII screen. His last vaccination was at seven mature ages old enough. Understudy Name: Tan Hai Liang ID NO: M0409146 Name OF SUPERVISOR: Dr Kyin ROTATION: Pediatricss 3 ) Findings ON CLINICAL EXAMINATION On general examination, MFA was well disposed and open. He was sitting in a wheelchair with a fix around his left mortise joint. There were some ecchymosis seen at his weaponries and thighs. He looked great sustained. He was non in horrible harming. Anthropometric measurings: Weight: 24kg ( tenth to 25th centile ) Height:130cm ( 25th to 50th centile ) His basic imprints were ordinary: Throb: 82 beats for each moment Respiratory rate: 18 breaths for each moment Blood power per unit region: 108/72 Temperature: 37 evaluations Celsius Assessment of the lower appendages: There were ecchymosis seen on both lower appendages at the thigh each piece great as at the shin and calf. The left mortise joint was swollen and there was an injury seen on it. It

Overview of Tricyclic Antidepressants

Overview of Tricyclic Antidepressants Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Overview of Tricyclic Antidepressants Older-generation drugs still have their place in treatment By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 23, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 14, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Hero Images / Getty Images Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are drugs used to treat depression, bipolar disorder, and other conditions such as chronic pain and insomnia. While newer classes of antidepressant have far fewer side effects, TCAs still have their place in the treatment of these and other disorders. First introduced in the 1950s, tricyclic antidepressants are so-named because their molecular structure is composed of three rings of atoms. How Tricyclic Antidepressants Work Broadly speaking, depression is caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain which results in abnormal communications between nerve cells (neurons). The chemicals that deliver these messages are called neurotransmitters. These chemical messages are relayed from one neuron to the next and, depending on the type of neurotransmitter involved, can influence how you feel and react. Tricyclic antidepressants work by preventing the reabsorption of neurotransmitters called serotonin and norepinephrine. The body needs both of these to function normally. If there is too much of either, you may end up experiencing anxiety. If there is not enough, depression may ensue. Because TCAs prevent the routine reabsorption (reuptake) of these neurotransmitters, there will be more freely circulating in the synaptic cleft between neurons in the brain. If you have depression, the restoration of the serotonin and norepinephrine levels can lead to an improvement in your symptoms.?? Conditions Treated Tricyclic antidepressants are used primarily to treat mood disorders but also have their place in the treatment of anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and neurological disorders.?? They are often used when other drugs are unable to provide relief. Mood disorders often treated with TCAs include: Bipolar disorderDysthymia (persistent mild depression)Major depressive disorder (MDD) Anxiety disorders sometimes treated with TCAs include: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), including eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosaGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD)Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)Panic disorder (PD)Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Neurological disorders sometimes treated with tricyclic TCAs include: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)Chronic painFibromyalgiaParkinsons diseaseMigraineNeuropathic pain TCAs may also be used to treat insomnia, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), interstitial cystitis, nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting), narcolepsy, and chronic hiccups. Approved Medications With tricyclic antidepressants, like other antidepressants, it will usually take between six to eight weeks before you feel any substantial improvement in your depression symptoms.?? Some of the more commonly prescribed TCAs include: Anafranil (clomipramine)Ascendin (amoxapine)Elavil (amitriptyline)Norpramin (desipramine)Pamelor (nortriptyline)Sinequan (doxepin)Surmontil (trimipramine)Tofranil (imipramine)Vivactil (protriptyline) Common Side Effects While different TCAs have slightly different mechanisms of action, they share similar side effects. Many of these are associated with the effect the drugs have on the smooth muscles of the internal organs. Common side effects include: AnxietyBlurred visionConstipationDizzinessDrowsinessIncreased appetiteMuscle twitchesNausea and vomitingRapid or irregular heart rateSexual dysfunctionSweatingWeaknessWeight gain These side effects may be reduced if treatment is started with lower dosages and then gradually increased. While not strictly addictive per se, the long-term use of TCAs may lead to drug dependence. TCAs are also a significant cause of fatal drug overdoses in the United States.?? Initial symptoms may include dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, dizziness, vomiting,  and hallucinations. If left untreated, an overdose may result in delirium, seizures, coma, cardiac arrest, and death. Drug Interactions Some of the side effects of tricyclic antidepressants may be intensified if taken with other drugs. In other cases, it can affect the bioavailability (concentration) of the drug in the bloodstream. As such, you should always advise your doctor about any substances you may be taking, including over-the-counter medications, herbal remedies, and recreational drugs. Certain drugs are contraindicated for use with tricyclic antidepressants, including:?? Alcohol blocks the action of TCAs and should be avoided.Anticholinergic drugs used to treat urinary incontinence and COPD can cause intestinal paralysis if co-administered with a TCA.Clonidine, used to treat hypertension, can trigger a dangerous rise in blood pressure if used with a TCA.Epinephrine used to treat severe allergic reactions can also trigger severe high blood pressure if used with a TCA.Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, also used as antidepressants, can cause high fever, convulsions, and even death is coadministered with a TCA.Tagamet (cimetidine), used to reduce stomach acid, may increase the concentration of the TCA in your blood, further intensifying the drug side effects. A Word From Verywell Tricyclic antidepressants can be effective in treating depression but may not work as well in some people as others. In some cases, the drug side effects may become intolerable and interfere with your very quality of life. If you are suffering serious side effects, call your doctor immediately but do not stop treatment until your doctor tells you to. Stopping abruptly can cause symptoms of withdrawal, including nausea, fever, chills, headache, dizziness, lethargy, and vomiting. Your doctor may be able to lower your dosage to where treatment is tolerable. If not, he or she would need to gradually taper the dose until you are able to safely stop.

Lord of the Flies Quiz

Religion in August Wilsons Fences Essay examples - 814 Words

In August Wilsons play, Fences, the character, Troy Maxson, is by no definition a religious man. He has created his own religion through his own philosophies, especially baseball. Sandra G. Shannons critical analysis, The Good Christians Come and Gone: The Shifting Role of Christianity in August Wilson Plays, gives analogies for the way Troy deals with his own spirituality. It is agreeable that Troy, like other Wilson characters, deals with religion in his own way. Shannon asserts, this cynical black man does not lay his burdens down at the churchs altar. As is the case with each of Wilsons men, Christianity plays no role in Troys search for comfort and direction (382). Troy never does find comfort and direction, even†¦show more content†¦Troy pushes his wife and his son out of his life by attempting to make them see this life in a very narrow perspective. By doing this he cannot compromise, nor can he ask for forgiveness, (Shannon 383). It is also apparent, Shannon states, that Troy fits death into his baseball analogy as well. She states, Seen this way, its hold becomes less ominous when the victim has a role in determining his own fate (383). I agree with this statement because Troy seeks comfort in baseball. Therefore, he uses it for an uncomfortable situation, death. He is unlike others who may find comfort in God when it comes to the question of death. Shannon also states that Troy describes death as a fastball on the outside corner (383). Shannon is right by stating this because through baseball, Troy does not have to deal with death on a Christian level. He can personify it. This point is also proven in a quote Shannon put in her essay from the book Wrestling Against History by Mei-Ling Ching, Through his intentional mockery of death, [Troy] cleanses himself of his deepest fear and reaffirms his claim to life (383). In addition, Troys relationship with his brother Gabriel is another time Troy is faced with religion and denounces it. Gabriel, who believes he is the Archangel and a spokesman of God, is treatedShow MoreRelatedSpirituality Religion in August Wilsons Fences1072 Words   |  5 PagesFen Spirituality amp; Religion | In August Wilson’s â€Å"Fences† | | Mia Savage ENG 102 Essay #3 | 11/11/2011 | Introduction: â€Å"Fences† is one of ten plays written by August Wilson that document historic periods in Black American life. It is a colorful and thoughtfully written piece that tells the story of one family’s struggle in Civil Rights Era America, an empowering and complicated time for lower and middle class blacks struggling to attain an ideal of the â€Å"American Dream†. TroyRead MoreFences Research1694 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Physical and Psychological Boundaries in August Wilson’s Fences The early 1950’s was a time of enormous importance because of the Civil Rights Movement which emphasized equal rights for blacks and whites. According to the book Approaching Literature, this time period became very familiar to August Wilson, the author of the play Fences. Wilson, an African American man, was raised by his mother and his ex-convict father. For a short period of time, before moving back to hisRead MoreAnalysis Of August Wilsons Fences 1800 Words   |  8 PagesAugust Wilsons â€Å"Fences† takes us on a journey that transforms the 20th century impression of a Negro Family with Insatiability, Tenderness, and Sacrifice. The famous play is an autobiography of an American Negro man who loses his dreams for the people he loves. Fences demonstrates us what sacrifice looks like and how egocentricity still exist today. Fences takes place with a family in Pittsburgh from 1957 to 1965. The characters are Troy, Bono, Rose, Lyons, Gabriel, Cory, and Rayne ll. Fï  ¥Ã¯  ®Ã¯  £Ã¯  ¥Ã¯  ³Ã¯â‚¬  Ã¯  ©s importantRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesUniversity Press, 2005). 74. Richard Alba and Victor Nee, Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005); Milton Gordon, Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion and National Origins (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964). 75. G. William Skinner, â€Å"Creolized Chinese Societies in Southeast Asia,† in Sojourners and Settlers, ed. Anthony Reid, 1–41. 76. Amy Freedman, Political Participation and Ethnic

Dialectical Pluralism on Metaphysical Philosophy Free Essays

Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy responsible for the study of existence. It is the foundation of a worldview. Metaphysical Philosophy is marked out by two types of inquiry. We will write a custom essay sample on Dialectical Pluralism on Metaphysical Philosophy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first aims to be the most general investigation possible into the nature of reality: are there principles applying to everything that is real, to all that is? – if we abstract from the particular nature of existing things that which distinguishes them from each other, what can we know about them merely in virtue of the fact that they exist? The second type of inquiry seeks to uncover what is ultimately real, frequently offering answers in sharp contrast to our everyday experience of the world. The two questions are not the same, since someone quite unworried by the possibility that the world might really be otherwise than it appears might still be engaged by the question of whether there were any general truths applicable to all existing things. But although different, the questions are related: one might well expect a philosopher’s answer to the first to provide at least the underpinnings of their answer to the second. Aristotle proposed the first of these investigations. He called it ‘first philosophy’, sometimes also ‘the science of being’ (more-or-less what ‘ontology’ means); but at some point in antiquity his writings on the topic came to be known as the ‘metaphysics’ – from the Greek for ‘after natural things’, that is, what comes after the study of nature. This is as much as we know of the origin of the word. Metaphysics is the foundation of philosophy. Without an explanation or an interpretation of the world around us, we would be helpless to deal with reality. We could not feed ourselves, or act to preserve our lives. The degree to which our metaphysical worldview is correct is the degree to which we are able to comprehend the world, and act accordingly. Without this firm foundation, all knowledge becomes suspect. Any flaw in our view of reality will make it more difficult to live. Dialectical Pluralism, in philosophy, theory that considers the universe explicable in terms of many principles or composed of many ultimate substances. It describes no particular system and may be embodied in such opposed philosophical concepts as materialism and idealism. Empedocles, G. W. von Leibniz, William James, and Bertrand Russel are among the philosophers generally considered as pluralistic. Pluralism is opposed to monism and dualism. A complex situation involves a plurality of ontological kinds, and so invites the name â€Å"pluralism†. If some form of pluralism is true, then none of the standard â€Å"isms† stands a chance of coming to grips with the actual relationship between mind and physical world. The orthodox mind-body debate, attempting to force a complex situation into simple moulds, would be forever doomed to failure. The four assumptions dictate a certain limited range of basic options, and eventually every option in that range would have been tried; stagnation and regressive oscillation would then be the natural result. In the long run, participants would have no choice but to embrace anomaly or admit defeat. Dogged insistence on working within the orthodox framework would result in little but baroque encrustations of irrelevant detail. In short, if pluralism were true, we would expect to see exactly the kinds of problems that have in fact been afflicting the mind-body debate. This constitutes a prima facie case for rejecting the four assumptions and embracing a pluralist orientation. Pluralism is perfectly consistent with a hard-nosed realism which divorces the question of what kinds of mental entities in fact exist from the question of how we talk about people and what concepts we may have. A realist pluralism of this kind does not try to read ontological commitments directly off our current language or concepts. It is perfectly willing to allow that folk discourses and folk concepts are inadequate to the ontological structure of mental reality. Distinctions built into ordinary ways of talking need not reflect deep ontological distinctions, and there may be ontological differences among kinds of mental entities to which folk talk is entirely oblivious. How to cite Dialectical Pluralism on Metaphysical Philosophy, Papers

Evaluating the Usefulness of Evidence Inquiry in Health Care

Question: Discuss about theEvaluating the Usefulness of Evidence for Inquiry in Health Care. Answer: Evaluating the Usefulness of Evidence Introduction Stress is widely known as the main ingredient in a majority of todays illnesses. As a health practitioner, it is important to know the most efficient drug to any sickness. In this case, the evaluation of evidence is necessary. This apparaisal allows one to make a good judgment while recommending it to any patient. This paper appraises two articles, providing a review of the level of evidence as well as the strengths and weaknesses. Part One: Haaren et al. (2015) Haaren et al. (2015), carefully introduce the article, stating clearly the purpose of the article. The abstract provides a clear and concise look at the article. The test population, sixty-one inactive students, is briefly described, stating clearly that the exercise was a Randomized Controlled Trial. The authors go on to define what daily life stress is, basing their argument on the on different scholarly journals. It is in this introduction that one can understand the necessity of the experiment, through the understanding of the effect of perceived daily stressors on physical as well as emotional functioning. The examples given to enhance this argument have a strong scholarly basis since the authors have relevant cases. Further, the authors labor to connect physical exercise and mental health. Despite this, it is clear that texts provided have a clear background and are well referenced from the word go. The article gives a background of how laboratory-induced stress tasks were once used to conduct similar experiments, and despite positive results, a disadvantage is carefully sourced from a scholarly point of view, stating that this method does not give similar results compared to naturally induced stress tasks. This reference to an earlier method and experiment is very thoughtful as it provides the reader with background knowledge that gave positive results. This is a good foundation of an expectation of enhanced positive results since the AET testing of the students uses natural stress inducers. The body of literature further illustrates the convenience and efficacy of the AET experiment by comparing old ways of methodology, and by concluding that the few studies that had been conducted were cross-sectional. Judging from this, the authors are confident in their experiment, hailing it as an inexpensive strategy that is easy to use and effective at preventing the development of mental disorders such as depression (Haaren Haertel et. al., 2015). Also, the scholars were keen to avoid past mistake by the use of the Ambulatory Assessment. This means that various methods were incorporated to study the given population. This provides strength to the exercise since all methods are compatible and one method can easily cover what may have been left out by the previous method. The team used momentary self-reports, ecological momentary assessments, and observational and physiological methods. The presence of a control group that did not participate in the aerobic exercise provided a reliable comparison for the different effects. This choice strengthens the exercise further since it ensures that both clusters experience similar stressors in the classroom; hence there is a little bias within the control group to bring about the significant error in the results. The assessment periods were chosen, the beginning of the semester and during the examination period, are key contributors to the success of the environment. Clearly, the authors have carefully thought out the life-cycle of a students emotional life in regards to school. This is also observed in the incentive given to the students to attend the experimental group, extra credit, indicating that the authors have clearly studied the cohort under study. This means that the population is properly motivated to contribute and participate in the exercise honestly. This is a key step that further reduces error in the final result. The methodology of measuring mood is however not very efficient. Relating the degree of the students mood, good or bad, to matching numbers indicating intensity on a scale is prone to bias. This bias arises from peer pressure or general lack of surety as to how one feels. This is a weakness that can significantly reduce the efficacy of the results. Despite this, the measurement of aerobic capacity provides an accurate account of the current state. The procedure used to conduct this exercise, assessment of emotional stress pre and post intervention, provides a well-spaced interval for easier and almost accurate intervention. The intensity of the aerobic exercise is near normal. This means that the intervention modeled was within daily practices. The regularity of the exercises was not too intense, but rather designed to fit into the students daily routines. The exercise received positive results with participants who were involved in the exercises experiencing less stress as compared to those in the control group. The authors considerably reduced bias in the experiment and carefully motivated the students. The conclusion offers a precise dissection of the future of aerobic training as a strategy to fight stressors. There is a systematic review of the results. The researchers present the results in stages, from compliance to the relativity factors that one can easily ignore. This strengthens the results by making them easier to understand since they are well broken down and in different aspects. This paper provides Level One evidence type. The Randomized Control Trial is systematically reviewed by the researchers. Also, the evidence qualifies as Grade A evidence, indicating that the evidence is Strong Evidence. Part Two: Kim, Yang, Schroeppel (2013) In their article, Kim, Yang, Schroeppel (2013) find out the effects of Kouk Sun Do (KSD), on mental Health. The articles abstract provides a clear account of the methodology, leaving out any background information on KSD. However, the three researchers are keen to explain the methodology and procedure of the experiment. This ends abruptly with a short conclusion that provides the results of the experiment: KSD has relaxing effects that reduce anxiety and improve mood and self-efficacy. The experiment focuses on University Students who have self-reported anxiety symptoms. This consideration of thirty students who are already willing to participate and have reached out for help to cope with their anxiety provides the researchers with an already motivated group. This translates positively to the results because this population needs minimal supervision and or incentives to participate in the exercises. This is a strength for the experiment as the cohort under study already has a common interest. The control group comprised of students who had anxiety symptoms but did not participate in the exercises. It is important to note that this provides the experiment with a loophole, since these students may still have the desire to seek help on their own to cope with their anxiety. Therefore, it is wrong to assume that these students in the control group, who already have self-reported anxiety symptoms, would wait until the period of the experiment is over to seek help. This is one major source of error in the final results. This weakness crops from the control group that is essential in the final evaluation. The authors decision to conduct two tests, one before the intervention and after, is critical for the experiment. An original record will provide an excellent source of control on a personal level since the accuracy of data from the control group may or may not be compromised. Despite this, participants in the treatment group obtain data with minimal error. This is a strength that contributes to one set of accurate data for each after the intervention. The two by two Analysis of Variance table provides a proper comparison of the change of mood and emotion over time in the groups, under the KSD exercises. According to this table, a reader can conclude at a glance, the interrelation between exercises and time. In the choice of the procedure, ten seventy minutes KSD sessions seem too intense for students, especially those who do not engage in physical exercise. This is one of the major reasons why twelve participants dropped out before the intervention was over. Note that, at first, the students had self-reported anxiety symptoms, implying that a majority had the motivation to join the treatment. However, for forty percent of the willing participants to drop out, this indicates that the exercise was either too much to handle or smooth into while still studying, among other personal reasons. The exercise was not well-designed for the cohort under study. This ten seventy minute sessions can easily be broken down further to reduce the added stress of muscle tension or fatigue the following day. This is a significant weakness in the procedure and methodology preferred. It further illustrates that the researchers did not understand the physical and somatic nature of the students under study. In addition to this, exercise is an activity that goes hand in hand with motivation. The researchers did not motivate the students enough, indicating that for KSD exercises to deem effective, instructors must fully inspire the participants. The use of open-ended questions to proceed with data evaluation strengthened the accuracy of the conclusions drawn from the experiment. Open-ended questions provide detailed insight into the participants experience. Over the entire four week period, the researchers realized a drop in the anxiety symptoms as well as depression. The results were positive, even after comparison with the control group. This means that regardless of any other form of stress coping mechanism that may have been undertaken by anyone in the control group, KSD provides a faster solution to reducing anxiety and depression. This paper provides level II evidence and moderate evidence. Part Three: Justification of Strongest Evidence It is important for Mariana to relax, given her medical history and the stressors in her life. These include minimal family support and her daughters asthma. In addition to this, she has diabetes and also has a rare blood disorder. In the case of Mariana, the first paper by Haaren et al. (2015), is the most relevant in her case. Mariana is concerned about mixing with other students, but the involvement in aerobic exercises provides a standard platform where all participants share a common activity. This means that in this setting, their priorities are more or less the same, and the need to feel different is greatly reduced. Also, asthma from her child is a stress inducer for Mariana. Luckily, she lives close by the school, and she can walk to and from school. As observed in Haaren et al. (2015), even four minutes walks contribute to aerobic exercise. Adding these walks to her general aerobic exercises will aid in the inducing the relaxing effects of aerobic exercises. Consistency in aerobic training will also aid her in coping with diabetes as well as prevent obesity. If Mariana was to fully incorporate the outlined aerobic exercises presented by Haaren et al. (2015), she would reduce her stress in the first two weeks and would experience an improvement in her mood. The exercise times are well designed to fit her school and family schedule. In addition to this, the exercises are gentle enough, yet effective, to suit her self-efficacy. References von Haaren, B., Haertel, S., Stumpp, J., Hey, S., Ebner-Priemer, U. (2015). Reduced emotional stress reactivity to a real-life academic examination stressor in students participating in a 20- week aerobic exercise training: A randomised controlled trial using Ambulatory Assessment. Psychology Of Sport Exercise, 20, 67-75. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.acu.edu.au/login?url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1469 029215000357 Kim, J., Yang, H., Schroeppel, S. (2013). A Pilot Study Examining the Effects of Kouk Sun Do on University Students with Anxiety Symptoms. Stress Health: Journal Of The International Society For The Investigation Of Stress, 29(2), 99-107. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.acu.edu.au/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smi.2431

PROGRAM Master of Public Administration COURSE CODETITLE Public Person

PROGRAM: Master of Public Administration COURSE CODE/TITLE: Public Personnel Administration / PA 222 PRESENTED BY: Marvin C. Bustamante PRESENTED TO: Dr. Yolanda I. Camaya ________________________________________ UNIT II. PUBLIC PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT Personnel management - defined as obtaining, using and maintaining a satisfied workforce. It is a significant part of management concerned with employees at work and with their relationship within the organization. According to Flippo, Personnel management is the planning, organizing, compensation, integration and maintenance of people for the purpose of contributing to organizational, individual and societal goals. According to Brech, Personnel Management is that part which is primarily concerned with human resource of organization. PERSONNEL FUNCTIONS MORALE AND MOTIVATION MORALE: Also known as 'esprit de corps' (Henri Fayol's fourteenth principle of administration) is the amount of confidence felt by a person or group of people, especially when in a dangerous or difficult situation at work/organization. A high morale person will not be afraid from taking up challenges and accept orders. Whereas a low morale person will have limited attention of work and not be open to accept orders. The morale of a person shows his overall adaptability to the overall organizational situation. An employee keeps doing an individual assessment of his work and his organizations status in society and his work environment and management's attitudes towards him and after assessing all this he reaches conclusions as to how to proceed. If his assessment comes out positive then he experiences high morale, but if it comes out negative then he experiences low morale and this can be made out by his behavior and attitude towards his work mentioned above. It is considered as a group phenomenon as mostly employees in a group tend to feel the same way and the factors they take into consideration is used by everyone while doing their own individual assessments. Corruption in administration has a very negative impact on morale of the workforce. Employees seeing no way out tend to have no initiative and lack of will and desire to perform their jobs with optimum energy. MOTIVATION: Motivation is the enthusiasm or reason for doing something. Frederick Herzberg, Abraham Maslow, David McClelland and David McGregor are major contributors to the motivation theory. Motivation is specific to an individual and is almost always an individual phenomena. There are three reasons/aspects to motivation or the lack of it: 1)Needs: These are deficiencies that a person does not have but wants to have. 2)Drives: These are action oriented and provide energy thrust towards goal achievement. Its the very heart of motivational process. 3)Goals: Incentives or pay offs that provide private satisfaction but reinforce the everlasting chain of needs. TYPES OF MOTIVATION: 1)Incentive and position incentive: Helps fulfill the four P's of motivation of employees - Praise, prestige, promotion and paycheck. 2)Negative or fear motivation: This trend is mostly no longer used. It is when a person is coerced into doing a job because he is fearful of consequences if he does not do it. 3)Extrinsic motivation: Pay promotion, status, fringe benefits, retirement plans, holidays/vacations, etc. This motivation is largely monetary in scope. 4)Intrinsic motivation: Feeling of having accomplished something that is worthwhile. It is symbolized by praise, responsibility, recognition, esteem, status, competition and participation. 5)Financial motivation: salary, bonus, profit sharing, leave with pay, etc. 6)Non- financial motivations: Non-financial/monetary in nature. Job enlargement, job rotation, job loading or more responsibility, Job enrichment, Job security, delegation of authority, status and pride, praise and recognition, competition and participation, etc. LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS From EO 292 SEC. 36. Personnel Relations. (1) It shall be the concern of the Commission to provide leadership and assistance in developing employee relations programs in the department or agencies. (2) Every Secretary or head of agency shall take all proper steps toward the creation of an atmosphere conducive to good supervisor-employee relations and the improvement of employee morale. Role of Personnel Manager Personnel manager is the head of personnel department. He performs both managerial and operative functions of management. His role can be summarized as: 1)Personnel manager provides assistance to top management- The top management are the people who decide and frame the primary policies of the concern. All kinds of policies related to personnel or workforce can be framed out effectively by the personnel manager. 2)He advices the line manager as a staff specialist- Personnel manager acts like a staff advisor and assists the line managers in dealing with various personnel matters. 3)As a

Free Essays on Calvism

Reformation was a 16th century movement in western Europe that aimed at changing many teachings of the Roman Catholic church, which resulted in the establishment of the Protestant church. One church existed in Western Europe in the year 1500. The Roman Catholic Church. At the top was the Pope in Rome who literally governed everything. Three things greatly affected the reformation, the renaissance, men were beginning to dominate thought, The printing press, and last but not least the rise of powerful Nation-States with an all powerful monarch. One individual named Martin Luther got extremely angry at the churches selling of indulgences, he posted his 95 Theses at Wittenberg Castle, in which he criticized the selling of indulgences. Part of his anger was that the German money was going to Rome. Thanks to the printing press, the 95 theses was printed all over Germany, and eventually Europe. The reformation strengthened the middle class, Reformation encouraged the spread of education. In both Catholic and Protestant countries, the reformation strengthened the state at the expense of the church. Reformation also led to the colonization of North America, protestants in England were persecuted for their religious beliefs by Queen Mary. "Bloody Mary" murdered many protestants to prevent the growth of the protestant faith in England. This led to a group of Protestants called pilgrims, to make a pilgrimage to the new world, where they would be free to practice their religious belief without fear of persecution. Calvinists are not followers of John Calvin, but of his idea. Calvin's Protestant faith emphasizes the omnipotence of God and the salvation of the elect by God's grace alone, basically the theory of predestination. The "elected" are known as "saints" in the Calvinist faith. Calvin denied that human beings were capable of free will. Calvin also stated that the writings of the scriptures are to be taken literally. Following the history o... Free Essays on Calvism Free Essays on Calvism Reformation was a 16th century movement in western Europe that aimed at changing many teachings of the Roman Catholic church, which resulted in the establishment of the Protestant church. One church existed in Western Europe in the year 1500. The Roman Catholic Church. At the top was the Pope in Rome who literally governed everything. Three things greatly affected the reformation, the renaissance, men were beginning to dominate thought, The printing press, and last but not least the rise of powerful Nation-States with an all powerful monarch. One individual named Martin Luther got extremely angry at the churches selling of indulgences, he posted his 95 Theses at Wittenberg Castle, in which he criticized the selling of indulgences. Part of his anger was that the German money was going to Rome. Thanks to the printing press, the 95 theses was printed all over Germany, and eventually Europe. The reformation strengthened the middle class, Reformation encouraged the spread of education. In both Catholic and Protestant countries, the reformation strengthened the state at the expense of the church. Reformation also led to the colonization of North America, protestants in England were persecuted for their religious beliefs by Queen Mary. "Bloody Mary" murdered many protestants to prevent the growth of the protestant faith in England. This led to a group of Protestants called pilgrims, to make a pilgrimage to the new world, where they would be free to practice their religious belief without fear of persecution. Calvinists are not followers of John Calvin, but of his idea. Calvin's Protestant faith emphasizes the omnipotence of God and the salvation of the elect by God's grace alone, basically the theory of predestination. The "elected" are known as "saints" in the Calvinist faith. Calvin denied that human beings were capable of free will. Calvin also stated that the writings of the scriptures are to be taken literally. Following the history o...

Business Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Business Communication - Assignment Example Distorted messages need to be avoided by the businesses of today as they directly affect the image, profitability and performance of a company. The possible barriers to effective communication are identified in the next section. 2.0. Barriers to Effective Communication: Selection of appropriate channels is essential to avoid â€Å"Channel and information overload† which occurs when the channel cannot handle all the messages that are being sent. An example of this is while communicating face to face. During this, a person might find himself talking to two people at a time causing them to forget the original message and mix up the signals being sent. Noise is another factor that affects every part of the process; it can be physical or psychological. Physical noise is for instance, the commotion produced by traffic outside the office which serves as hindrance to effective communication between people. Psychological noise on the contrary, refers to one’s biases, prejudices, dislikes, lack of concentration and preconceived notions about the issue at hand. Barriers to communication may just be a simple distraction caused by noise or a complete misunderstanding due to one’s judgments. Messages need to be clear-cut, to the point and receiver friendly. They should avoid vagueness and the use of words which have multiple meanings. Humans tend to make their own abstractions using past experiences, cultural backgrounds and knowledge. Our evaluations of messages can be different, for example, one might omit information that sounds casual to him/her but can prove to be extremely important for others. We now try to bring together all the... After all informatio, making the diagrams and other analysis the paper talks that modern day organizations understand the vital importance effective communication holds. It is crucial to their success and profitability. The paper describes the selection of appropriate channels is essential to avoid â€Å"Channel and information overload† which occurs when the channel cannot handle all the messages that are being sent. An example of this is while communicating face to face. Miscommunication gives a bad image to the organizations, which not only operate as infants but international giants as well. Both of the structures cannot afford to lose out the market share that offers them the revenue for the goods and services they sell. Messages and information keeps on zooming over, through, in and out of our heads but effective communication is the name of retaining, forwarding and producing those essential messages which at the end of the day provide benefits and reap greater opportunities to succeed. Businesses need to realize the significance of each communication tool and various channels that help transmit the information and senders and receivers must respect the notions of efficiency and effectiveness. Correct usages of languages, observance of 7 Cs, cost benefit analysis of communication tools and channels, employee engagement, giving timely commands are a few tools ensuring effective communication. However it is entirely an organization’s prerog ative to choose a method that will prove to be the best amongst all and contribute to its progress.

The topic is level of satisfaction among factory workers and cleaners Essay

The topic is level of satisfaction among factory workers and cleaners in the UAE, and their perception of satisfaction - Essay Example These countries, for instance; Dubai has a large number of tourists from all over the world. They need many people who can work in media and Information technology fields, as it is a growing industry. UAE countries have become center of attention for the whole world because of its oil resources, these countries receive many visitors from all over the world, either it is for business purpose or for tourism. Most of the South Asians move to the UAE to find jobs. Most of the people from Pakistan, India and Bangladesh are blue collar workers. They work as house maids or domestic servants, factory workers, taxi drivers, waiter or waitress, laborers construction workers and petrol pump attendants etc. They have to accept whatever statement is given to them as they don’t have any right to speak. Many problems exist for these people who are treated as second-class citizens in these rich countries. They remain unsatisfied away from their families in a poor and in undesirable circumstances. They have to send most of the money to their homes for children and other family members to fulfill their basic needs. Rest of the money is not enough for their own requirements. Adjustment problems: They suffer from climate change in addition to that their surrounding environment and people are also not always from the same nationalities, they take much time to settle with the people of different cultures. They are lacking the basic needs of life around them; like they do not get pure and clean drinking water, nor do they have necessary waste disposal facilities. Health issues: If anyone of them falls ill, they can not access hospitals, doctors and other healthcare practitioners because of poor financial status. This cause poor health and more infections amongst them, these might be communicable infections, rapidly transferred from one person to the other as they live in communities. Although this is a fact, that these workers either they are

Windows Server Deployment Proposal

Windows Server Deployment Proposal Contoso Advertising has two locations. The main site location is in Pensacola, Florida (FL) with a smaller site in Casper, Wyoming (WY). Multiple servers will be distributed throughout these sites to support the various services required by each department. Throughout the growing enterprise, there will initially be 90 employees distributed into five departments between the two sites. Contoso has a small Executive department of 9 personnel, 15 employees in the Accounts and Sales department, 49 personnel staffing the Creative, Media, and Production department, 12 members of the Human Resources and Finance department and 5 IT employees. As FL is Contosos main site, the majority of employees will be based there with one-third of each department working out of the WY site to split company responsibilities between locations. Windows Server 2012 will be the Operating System (OS) deployed to all servers within the organization due to a few key features. Firstly, the use of PowerShell within Windows Server 2012 will be very important to the management of Contosos network. Microsoft has vastly increased the number of available PowerShell cmdlets to allow for more robust management from the command line (Otey, 2011). This will allow the IT staff to manage company assets via command line interface and script out a majority of routine network management duties. Furthermore, Microsofts Server Manager utility can remotely manage multiple servers, up to 100 at a single time (Microsoft, 2013). This will allow the IT employees to manage the entire organization remotely without physically visiting each server as well as eliminating the need for the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) for management tasks. These two features in particular will simplify the network management for Contosos small IT support staff throughout bo th sites. Other features such as the use of Storage Tiers will be quite impactful for users throughout the organization, particularly the employees in the Creative, Media, and Production department. These are just a few features that Contoso can take advantage of within their organization. Deployment and Server Configurations: Contosos network will be constructed with 24 total servers throughout the enterprise to handle organizational growth over the next few years while being configured to have robust failover solutions. This will be done to ensure the company can recover from any single failure while still fulfilling their organizational goals. Services for Contosos daily operations, such as Domain Controllers, Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP), Domain Name Servers (DNS), file servers, web servers and print servers will be provided by these servers. In addition, both sites will be mirrored to allow each site to function if the WAN link between the sites happens to go down, but also for organizational purposes and ease of management by the small IT department. If implemented properly, Contosos enterprise network can scale to their expected growth while having incredibly high reliability. The main FL site will have two Domain Controllers FL_DC1 and FL_DC2. The primary domain controller, FL_DC1, will be configured to run Domain Name Services (DNS), Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP) as well as performing the role of Domain Controller. FL_DC2 will be a copy of FL_DC1 and will act as a backup in case of corruption or server failure. Both Domain Controllers will run the Server Core version of Windows Server with the graphical user interface (GUI). The Active Directory role will need to be installed to provide Directory Services along with being able to organize and manage the organization through the use of group policy discussed later in the proposal. Additionally, FL_DC2 will be designated as a Global Catalogue to aid in any type of searching to be done throughout the other site, decreasing the burden on the primary DC.   A full chart of needed servers and their intended purpose can be seen below. Server Role Location FL_DC* Primary/Secondary Domain Controller/DNS/DHCP Server Pensacola, Florida FL_FS_HRF* Primary/Secondary HRF File Server Pensacola, Florida FL_FS_CMP* Primary/Secondary CMP File Server Pensacola, Florida FL_FS* Primary/Secondary File Server/Print Server Pensacola, Florida FL_MX* Primary/Secondary Mail Server Pensacola, Florida FL_WWW* Primary/Secondary Web Server Pensacola, Florida WY_DC* Primary/Secondary Domain Controller/DNS/DHCP Server Casper, Wyoming WY_FS_HRF* Primary/Secondary HRF File Server Casper, Wyoming WY_FS_CMP* Primary/Secondary CMP File Server Casper, Wyoming WY_FS* Primary/Secondary File Server/Print Server Casper, Wyoming WY_MX* Primary/Secondary Mail Server Casper, Wyoming WY_WWW* Primary/Secondary Web Server Casper, Wyoming As the Human Resources and Finances department will be dealing with highly sensitive financial data for the company, they will have their own exclusive file server, FL_FS_HRF1, which will be backed up to FL_FS_HRF2. Full backups will be conducted weekly with differential backups occurring every night. Shares will be hosted on this server with permissions applied to only allow members of the Human Resources and Finances department access to any resources on it. The other department to have their own dedicated file servers is the Creative, Media, and Production employees. Similar to the Finance department, there will be a primary server and a backup, FL_FS_CMP1 and FL_FS_CMP2. These servers will also follow the same backup schedule as the Finance department as well as having its share accesses locked down to only those employees within the department. Storage pools will be created to implement storage tiers on the primary file server. Multiple traditional mechanical hard disk drives (HDD) and solid state drives (SSD) will be assigned to the storage pool. The SSD tier will be configured to house the most frequently accessed data while the HDD tier will house data accessed less often. The storage tier optimization task will be scheduled to run every evening during off hours. The rest of the personnel at the FL site will use a single file server FL_FS1, which will also be backed up to FL_FS2 in a manner similar to the Finance and Creative departments. Storage on this server will be split among the other departments and quotas will be enforced using the File Server Resource Manager (FSRM). Using this method of quota management will allow the IT department to centrally control and monitor the daily storage resources and generate storage reports to analyze disk usage trends (Microsoft, 2008). Users will be set up for home folders nested under their respective department share with access being granted only to those members of the department, and each user of that department only having access to their own personal folder through application of NTFS permissions. Users will all be given the same amount of space initially and expansion requests will be scrutinized. Due to the more advanced features of FSRM as compared to NTFS quotas, administrative notification scripts can be set to run when a user nears their allocated quota limit (Microsoft, 2008). The IT department will implement a semi-automated process with administrative scripts once these quotas are met to trigger a quota increase request process. All file servers in the network will be installed with Server Core with the GUI. Having a public presence on the internet will be crucial for Contoso to gain new clients and allow their business to grow over the next few years. Company mail servers will also be needed to communicate internally and interface with their customers as well. The FL site will have their own dedicated mail and web servers, with FL_MX1 and FL_WWW1 acting as primary, and FL_MX2 and FL_WWW2 being mirrored backups for their respective roles. These servers will run the Server Core edition of Windows Server 2012 because of its stability improvements as well as it being inherently more secure than other editions of Windows Server due to far less running services than full GUI versions (Microsoft, 2017). Public facing assets, such as mail or web servers, are often the first point of cyber-attacks and Server Core will decrease the attack footprint. The WY site will have the exact same configuration as the primary FL site as seen in the network diagram below. Backup solutions and fault tolerance were built-in to this proposal to prevent downtime for the network and prevent monetary loss for the company. In the event that any one node within the network fails, Contoso can continue with their day to day operations while resolutions are developed and implemented by the IT department. This configuration was chosen to have the maximum reliability and fault tolerance which will be crucial for a growing organization. A simplified diagram of Contosos network can be seen below to illustrate how their network could be structured to accomplish the goals of this deployment proposal. NETWORK DIAGRAM Active Directory and Group Policy: Contosos network will have two domains within a single forest, one for each site. The FL site will be contoso.com and the WY site will be north.contoso.com with each new site that Contoso builds in the future following a similar structure. Domain Controllers will be placed in each site for management within their domain. Organizational Units (OU) will be used for organization with Active Directory with each department having their own OU nested under their domain. Active Directory objects will be created for each user and will be organized by job role and placed into their respective OUs. Computer objects within Active Directory will follow a similar structure. This is to ensure proper organization, application of Group Policy, and ease of network management throughout the domain. Software programs needed throughout the organization will be deployed through the use of group policy, if the number of employees that require it are high enough or it is not feasible for the IT department to physically visit every computer for installation. This can be done with the group policy management console within Windows Server. Packages can be configured that will deploy .msi files and will be installed upon next computer reboot, if the policy was configured under the computer configuration section of the GPO management editor. Programs like Adobe Reader, Photoshop, and QuickBooks could be deployed to different departments while Wireshark or Zenmap could be deployed to different servers throughout the network for traffic analysis. Software restriction policies will also be used in the domain as they will be able to control execution of software at the discretion of the network administrators (Microsoft, 2004). Using these policies, the IT department can configure the enviro nment to prevent unauthorized programs at their discretion based on a hash, certificate, path, or zone identifiers. To maintain a high level of security throughout the enterprise, a strong password policy will be strictly enforced. Strong passwords that are often changed will be used as passwords are continuously vulnerable, especially during password assignment, management, and use (Microsoft, 2017). Contoso employees will be required to have a password of at least 10 characters in length with a mixture of mixed case characters, special characters, and numbers. Password age thresholds will be set in the password policy for a maximum age of 45 days and a minimum age of 30 days. A password history of 10 will be set to prevent users from cycling back to previously used passwords quickly. This will ensure that if any user credentials are compromised, they wont be of use to an undetected malicious user for long. In addition to the general password policy just discussed, the administrators will also be subject to a fine-grained password policy for security reasons. Fine-grained password policies will allow for multiple password policies to affect different users throughout a domain (Microsoft, 2012). Contoso will be able to use this feature of Windows Server to enforce stronger password restrictions upon select users, the IT department in this situation. Additional complexity, password history, minimum and maximum password ages, as well as increased password length requirements will be enforced upon these employees to protect the corporate network. In the event of a network breach, accounts with high power or permissions, such as the members of the IT department, will be the first group to be targeted by malicious users. By having frequently changing and complex passwords, this will increase the time for passwords to be cracked as well as shorten the available time for them to be used by mali cious cyber actors. Additional security measures to be enforced will include the disabling of user accounts after 10 days of no activity. Account deletion will occur after 30 days of inactivity, unless prior arrangement is made through the IT support department. This will be done to ensure access to network and company resources remain secure from malicious attacks. Furthermore, account logon hours will be applied as determined by the employees regular work hours with an hour of buffer time at the start and end of their regular work day. In addition to the hardware firewalls already in place, the use of Windows Firewall will be applied to each computer within the organization through group policy and rules will be tailored to each department. For example, outbound traffic from the Human Resources and Finance department user workstations to the Creative, Media, and Production file server will be blocked. Special precautions for the public facing infrastructure, such as the mail and web servers, will have extra restrictions placed on them for additional security. For example, incoming ICMP traffic from the public internet will be blocked to prevent against Denial of Service (DOS) attacks. Windows Defender will also be active on all employee workstations throughout the enterprise as well as all servers. The right configuration of the hardware and software firewalls and Microsofts security product should protect Contoso from numerous cyber threats. These are just a few policies laid out to begin the hardening of the netw ork and the IT department will develop others as they see fit. Print Services: The print and document services role will be installed on the primary file server at each site, FL_FS1 and WY_FS1, with multiple print devices located throughout the environment. Specifically, there will initially be two print devices located within each department to accommodate printer pooling as a means of load balancing the print jobs between the many users. Any employee will be able to print to other print devices outside of their department, but they will have a lower priority than employees utilizing their own department resources. DNS and DHCP: IPv4 addresses will be used throughout the organization for simplicity of management as that is still widely used today. In the future when Contoso grows and global adoption rates of IPv6 increase, reconsideration of addressing will take place. As there will be many network-critical devices throughout the enterprise network, such as file servers, printers, and domain controllers, these computers will all be assigned static IP addresses rather than have DHCP reservations. This will be done to ensure that critical devices are always reachable in case of a DHCP failure. Other devices such as employee workstations, company laptops, or other mobile devices will have address management performed through the use of DHCP. Scopes will be configured to have lease durations of 16 hours. This will ensure that an address assignment covers a full work day while still being short enough to prevent the pool of available addresses from running low from mobile devices entering and leaving the network throughout the day. DNS and DHCP services will be handled by the primary domain controllers of each site, respectively. Those servers will also act as a backup for their sister servers in the opposite site for failover solutions in the event of server failure or corruption. The 80/20 rule will be applied within each scope; the primary DHCP server provides roughly 80% of the addresses within its scope with the secondary providing the remaining addresses. This will be done to provide address assignment in situations where the primary DHCP server is unable to fulfill its services (Microsoft, 2005). Summary: In summary, the network infrastructure and hardware will be set up at both sites in a mirrored fashion to provide ease of management for the IT department in addition to allowing for easy growth over the next few years. The multiple domains and logical structure of active directory will ease the burden of organization and administration of the enterprise network. Each server will have a dedicated backup server for cases of machine failure, corruption, or other disaster. Security practices such as the password policy, use of Windows security software, and additional firewall restrictions will ensure that the company sensitive business matters are protected. Estimating conservatively, the IT department could complete the initial setup within a week. While this network deployment may seem excessive, Contoso Advertising is a growing enterprise that requires a solution that will be able to scale as their organization grows. References Manage Multiple, Remote Servers with Server Manager. (2013, June 24). Retrieved January 10, 2017, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831456(v=ws.11).aspx Microsoft. (2008, January 21). File Server Resource Manager. Retrieved February 01, 2017, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc754810(v=ws.10).aspx Microsoft. (2017). Why Is Server Core Useful? Retrieved January 18, 2017, from https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd184076.aspx Microsoft. (2017). Configuring Password Policies. Retrieved February 09, 2017, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd277399.aspx Microsoft. (2005, January 21). Best Practices. Retrieved February 20, 2017, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc958920.aspx Microsoft. (2012, October 19). AD DS: Fine-Grained Password Policies. Retrieved February 25, 2017, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc770394(v=ws.10).aspx Microsoft. (2004, May 25). Using Software Restriction Policies to Protect Against Unauthorized Software. Retrieved February 25, 2017, from https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb457006.aspx#EEAA Otey, M. (2011, October 17). Top 10: New Features in Windows Server 2012. Retrieved January 10, 2017, from http://windowsitpro.com/windows-server-2012/top-10-new-features-windows-server-2012

Owen’s war poetry Essay

It is a widely acknowledged truth that war is contemptible and cruel, but it takes the poetic opulence and the lively experience of the war to effectively convey one’s strong attitude against the reality of war. With his frequent use of contrast, para-rhyme and vivid imagery especially of blood and light in his collection of war poems, Wilfred Owen successfully portrays the brutal reality in battle thus stirs the readers’ sympathy for the soldiers, expresses his anger at the futility of war, demonstrates the disdain for ignorant people back at home and voices his anguish at the condemnation that these soldiers have to endure. The horrendous experience Owen has gone through as a soldier in the British Army in World War I explains why the tremendous sufferings by the soldiers stands as the most predominant idea in almost all his poems in the anthology. From the passive suffering of cold winds that â€Å"knife us† (Exposure) to the disturbing death of an unlucky fellow comrade in gas warfare (Dulce et Decorum est) â€Å"flound’ring like a man in fire or lime†, Owen presents a wide range of pains that blurs the boundary between life and death. Although the type of destruction portrayed in each poem is not the same as any other, they all highlight the frightening cruelty of the war, most obvious of all the deterioration of a man’s physical appearance and strength. They are all â€Å"knock-kneed, coughing like hags† before someone was caught in the toxic gas â€Å"guttering, choking, drowning† (Dulce et Decorum est), having â€Å"old wounds save with cold that can not more ache† (Insensibility) that escalate into â€Å"a thousand pains† (Strange Meeting), or even losing their sight â€Å"eyeballs, huge-bulged like squids† that brings them to such a total breakdown that â€Å"he sobbed† (The Sentry). â€Å"All went lame, all blind† because the merciless war gives no exception whatsoever, and that they had lost their boots makes no difference, they still â€Å"limped on, bloodshod†. Using factual vocabulary and vivid imagery which might at some point become grotesque, Wilfred Owen exposes the ugly truth of the war. Blood is an effective image conveying the sense of suffering in the battle, all of which is disturbing and brutal. It bears the connotation both of the death of soldiers and their guilt of shedding the lives of other human beings. The blood either â€Å"come gargling from the froth-corrupted lung† (Dulce et Decorum est) or even gets â€Å"clogged their chariot wheels† (Strange Meeting). Also, if one notices he would see that the word â€Å"blood-shod† in Dulce et Decorum est which echoes â€Å"blood-shed† fully conveys the hellish nature of the war. So much blood has poured that â€Å"the veins ran dry† (Disabled). Owen also successfully utilizes the effect of sounds and pace. By breaking lines into short fragments, he depicts the exhaustion and the limping of these men through the night. Also, whenever he talks about sufferings, Owen uses harsh sounds such as â€Å"k† (knock-kneed), â€Å"d† (drunk with fatigue, deaf to the hoots)†, â€Å"b† and â€Å"p† (what we spoiled/ Or, discontent, boil bloody, and be spilled†) which are either naturally unpleasant sounds or are even reminiscent of the sounds that rifles make. Death is prevailing in these poems and we see most clearly in â€Å"Strange Meeting† that the para-rhyme with the second rhyme lower in pitch than the first demonstrates the dying that these soldiers are going through. They start of as enthusiastic youth only to see themselves slowly rotten away to death. That is the brutal reality of war that Owen brings to readers. Through this we can see clearly that he is strongly anti-war. Together with depicting the physical pain, Owen also highlights the trauma that war leaves on any single soldier and the disparaging effect on their mentality. The idea of seeing their wretched comrade in their dreams is so haunting that it either gets so real-â€Å"guttering, choking, drowning†(Dulce et Decorum est) or keeps coming back like the â€Å"eyeballs† that â€Å"watch my dream still†(The Sentry). The use of continuous verb tense conveys the actuality of a nightmare and also emphasizes on the on-going nature of such horrendous suffering that will definitely traumatize the on-lookers that survive. Also, the idea of being â€Å"watched† adds the survivor guilt that disturbs them. It is so callous an experience, seeing human beings â€Å"die as cattle† that at one point a veteran â€Å"try not to remember these things†. However, â€Å"whenever crumps pummeled the roof and slogged the air beneath†, the hurtful sight in which his comrade â€Å"moans and jumps† and make â€Å"wild chattering of his broken teeth† reappears (The Sentry); there is purely no way out because even the sounds of nature brings back such distressing memory. The description of hostility in nature is also used to further accentuate the enormous psychological suffering of the soldiers. The â€Å"shrieking air† that chases the soldiers running from post to post and the constant rain which â€Å"kept slush waist high, that rising hour by hour, choked up the step† (The Sentry) induces the sense of threat, that any moment the soldiers would all be swallowed up. The soldiers are too discouraged that they slowly give up fighting for their lives in the harshness of nature where â€Å"the merciless iced east winds† â€Å"knife us† (Exposure) or when they are about to be â€Å"jabbed and killed†, all they would do is â€Å"parry† (Strange Meeting). The personification of nature makes it obvious as well how all these soldiers have ceased to consciously distinguish the unloving nature from the human army that they have to fight against in the battle. The sense of pervasive pessimism in the battle is also demonstrated by the pejorative image of â€Å"dawn massing in the east her melancholy army† (Exposure). Dawn, the traditional imagery of hope and new beginning, has been distorted to become a signal of â€Å"melancholy† despair that â€Å"attacks† on â€Å"shivering ranks of gray†. The gloomy dawn blends in with the color of the enemies’ uniform, which further stresses the disheartened spirit of the soldiers in war. Even in their dreams in which they catch a vision of their beloved hometown, they remain skeptic, wondering whether it is just a precursor to death, asking â€Å"Is it that we are dying?† The pararhyme â€Å"snow-dazed faces† and â€Å"sun-dozed† establishes the wispy link between their suffering and their home but also brings out their discouragement at the incomplete and unreal vision of their dreams. Although Owen intends to draw sympathy from the readers for the soldiers thus the anger at the war, he does acknowledge all these sufferings as the condemnation that the soldiers are inclined to suffer once they have gone to war. His frequent reference to Hell is an allusion to The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri which details his visionary progress through Hell and Purgatory. With the description of fire in battlefield, Owen induces a sense of the â€Å"haunting flares† in Hades’ world (Dulce et Decorum est). In Strange Meeting, the soldier â€Å"stood in Hell† after he â€Å"escaped† from the vicious battle. The image of â€Å"purgatorial shadows† (Mental Case) is typically Dantean that emphasizes the tortuous experience of the veterans. By doing this, Owen is both trying to convey the hellish experience of being in the war as if they were punished for their guilt and expressing his certainty of arrival in Hell even after the soldiers have escaped from the battlefield. This implicitly disapproves the participation of these soldiers in the war, saying that their sufferings is the condemnation for their crime, because by the time a soldier is killed, he is already a â€Å"devil’s sick of sin† (Dulce et Decorum est). Born into an Evangelical family, Owen unsurprisingly echoes some religious reference in his poems. The â€Å"devil’s sick of sin† above is a good example. Besides that Owen also acknowledges that the soldiers are going through adversity because â€Å"love of God seems dying† (Exposure). To him, war is a sin against the will of his God which angers Him so much that he ceases to be benevolent to the small creatures of his Creation. In The Sentry, the exclamation â€Å"I see your lights!† and the reply â€Å"But ours had long died out† opens itself to some interpretations. The lights that the ill-luck soldier has seen bear the connotation of the light at the end of the tunnel, an escape from the despicable life into death. But the others’ lights, their hope and faith, have ceased to exist. Thus we can see in Owen’s eyes, war is a crime that defies the will of God and is worth condemning as it brings all the soldiers under the curse as well. Such pains are so enormous that the only way to stay alive is to suppress all emotions and become insensitive. The ironic use of the word â€Å"happy† which recurs in the poem â€Å"Insensibility† conveys the bitter resignation to the fact that soldiers can only live in war if they â€Å"let their veins run cold† before they die and from whom no â€Å"compassion† â€Å"makes their feet sore on the alley cobbed with their brothers†: they are allowed no more space for emotions once their comrades fall in the battle and they have to step on the corpses to make their way out. â€Å"Wading sloughs of flesh† and â€Å"treading blood† (Mental Cases) have become a usual occurrence that if the soldiers do not grow empathetic towards, he would be robbed off his sanity. War takes away so many lives-the soldiers â€Å"dies as cattle† that they â€Å"keep no check on Armies’ decimation† as it is ultimately pointless. However ha unting and hurtful it is to witness a comrade’s death, the soldier â€Å"forgot him there† (The Sentry). War dehumanizes people to such an extent that a little bit of care for anyone else would be a luxury. They have to adapt by turning their eyes â€Å"rid of the hurt of color of blood† and keep â€Å"their hearts remain small drawn†, otherwise it would be too painful to keep moving on. This is a development on the depiction of blood, which now adopts implication of heart-feelings of pity. It has to be constricted to resist all feelings just as their senses become dulled in the way a military surgeon might burn flesh to stop the loss of blood from a wound by â€Å"cautery†. The advantage-that they can â€Å"laugh among the dying† is, in its cruelty, an outright criticism of the effect of war on human decency (Insensibility). Gradually, they lose the feeling for themselves as well. Also, Owen brings the response of the people back home into some of these poems to further highlight the destruction of war in the sense that it brings out the insensitivity of those who do not go to war. Surely, the death of young soldiers would dwell on the forehead of girls who love them for the rest of their lives as â€Å"The pallor of girls’ brows shall be their pall†¦and each slow duck a drawing-down of blinds† (Anthem for Doomed Youth), but most of the time, all that the soldiers perceive, as Owen depicts, is indifference and ignorance. There is a strong echo between â€Å"But nothing happens† (Exposure) and â€Å"but no one bothers† (Insensibility). War has made such a difference in the lives of those who went to the front and those who did not that it actually divides and weaken the link between human beings and Owen voices his rage in damning words â€Å"By choice they made themselves immune to pity†. Characterizing the insensitivity that is slowly engendered in human beings, Owen has successfully brought out the insensitive and merciless nature of the war. The suffering does not end once the last gun ceased to fire. Instead it drags on and becomes an incurable wound in the veterans’ mind after they return home. The sharp contrast between the life before and after the war of the young soldier in â€Å"Disabled† exemplifies the destruction that war makes on the lives of these soldiers. Once a football player that got â€Å"carried shoulder-high† for his excellent performance, the young man is now â€Å"legless, sewn short at elbow†, helpless and dependent. The juxtaposition of â€Å"crowds cheer goal† against â€Å"some cheer him home† shows the marked difference between the life of an admired footballer with that of a veteran who receives only spared sympathy from â€Å"some† people back home. There is a decrease in the degree of respect and recognition that the soldier gets before and after the war, and Owen severely despises war for that truth. The soldier’s social life is also worsened where he notices the â€Å"lovelier† glances that girls gave him as a young handsome guy have â€Å"passed from him to† others â€Å"that were whole†. The girls that have allowed him to â€Å"feel† their waists and hands now merely â€Å"touch him like some queer disease†. Again sharp contrast between â€Å"touch† and â€Å"feel† demonstrates the disappearance of emotions that were once present. Lack of emotions is accompanied by a sense of disgust for a â€Å"queer disease †. If in â€Å"Disabled†, Owen depicts the contrast between the life of a soldier before and after the war, in â€Å"Mental Cases† he focuses on the trauma that robs these soldiers off their sanity once they step out of the war. Not only physically destroyed, â€Å"chasms round their fretted sockets†, â€Å"stroke on stroke of pain†, they also suffer from insanity which resulted from witnessing â€Å"multitudinous murders†, â€Å"wading sloughs of flesh† and â€Å"treading blood† of their own comrades. To link this with a point previously made, war makes the soldiers either bitterly insensitive or makes them lose their minds. These men did not withstand and grow that insensibility; instead they have given in to the inhumanity of the war and thus become traumatized-â€Å"their hands are plucking at each other†. This is a strong allusion to Lady Macbeth who is overwhelmed with a sense of guilt in Act 5 Scene 1, thus it is reasonable to deduce that the haunting experience of killing massive number of people has rooted in these soldier’s minds causing them to lose their minds. Owen unceasingly points out the damaging influence of the war and finally comes to his firm conclusion that war is futile and contemptible. All these pains and suffering do not bring anyone anywhere. It only turns a â€Å"brother† into an enemy which gets â€Å"jabbed and killed† (Strange Meeting). It involves lengthy days of waiting although it is clear that â€Å"nothing happens†. The question â€Å"What are we doing here?† (Exposure) can be taken as both the query for the purpose of their night duties or the questioning of the point of the war itself. The suffering in the middle of the war, the post-war sense of loss for such futile dispute makes a complete picture of the â€Å"pity of war† that Owen tries to depict in his collection of poems. He forthrightly dismisses the sentimental description of the soldiers as â€Å"flowers for poets’ tearful fooling† or merely â€Å"gaps for filling† (Insensibility). Neither does he approve of such false promises as â€Å"jeweled hilts, daggers in plait socks, smart salutes† (Disabled) or â€Å"the old Lie: Dulce et Decorum est pro patria mori†. It is ultimately deception which lures â€Å"innocent† civilians into the horrendous battle. He is convinced that the propaganda can only fool â€Å"children ardent for some desperate glory† and the deception is too thin a mask for the callous reality of war. All in all, Owen is a strongly anti-war poet who has clearly establishes his stance on the distressing and repugnant reality of war. With a combination of various devices, notably para-rhyme, contrast and vivid imagery, Owen has both offered a factual account of war and voiced his anger towards war-the crisis, the crime of humankind.

Como Agua Para Chocolate

Verbal and Visual Representation of Women: Como agua para chocolate / Like Water for Chocolate By MARIA ELENA DE VALDES Como agua para chocolate is the first novel by Laura Esquivel (b. 1950 ). Published in Spanish in 1989 and in English translation in 1992, followed by the release of the feature film that same year, the novel has thrust this Mexican woman writer into the world of international critical acclaim as well as best-seller popularity.Since Esquivel also wrote the screenplay for director Alfonso Arau, the novel and the film together offer us an excellent opportunity to examine the interplay between the verbal and visual representation of women. Esquivel's previous work had all been as a screenwriter. Her script for Chido Guan, el Tacos de Oro ( 1985 ) was nominated for the Ariel in Mexico, an award she won eight years later for Como agua para chocolate. The study of verbal and visual imagery must begin with the understanding that both the novel and, to a lesser extent, the film work as a parody of a genre.The genre in question is the Mexican version of women's fiction published in monthly installments together with recipes, home remedies, dressmaking patterns, short poems, moral exhortations, ideas on home decoration, and the calendar of church observances. In brief, this genre is the nineteenth-century forerunner of what is known throughout Europe and America as a woman's magazine. 1 Around 1850 these publications in Mexico were called â€Å"calendars for young ladies. Since home and church were the private and public sites of all educated young ladies, these publications represented the written counterpart to women's socialization, and as such, they are documents that conserve and transmit a Mexican female culture in which the social context and cultural space are particularly for women by women. It was in the 1850s that fiction began to take a prominent role. At first the writings were descriptions of places for family excursions, moralizing tales , or detailed narratives on cooking. By 1860 the installment novel grew out of the monthly recipe or recommended excursion.More elaborate love stories by women began to appear regularly by the 1880s. The genre was never considered literature by the literary establishment because of its episodic plots, overt sentimentality, and highly stylized characterization. Nevertheless, by the turn of the century every literate woman in Mexico was or had been an avid reader of the genre. But what has been completely overlooked by the male-dominated literary culture of Mexico is that these novels were highly coded in an authentic women's language of inference and reference to the commonplaces of the kitchen and the home which were completely unknown by any man. Behind the purportedly simple episodic plots there was an infrahistory of life as it was lived, with all its multiple restrictions for women of this social class. The characterization followed the forms of life of these women rather than t heir unique individuality; thus the heroines were the survivors, those who were able to live out a full life in spite of the institution of marriage, which in theory, if not in practice, was a form of indentured slavery for life in which a woman served father and brothers then moved on to serve husband and sons together with her daughters and, of course, the women from the servant class.The women's fiction of this woman's world concentrated on one overwhelming fact of life: how to transcend the conditions of existence and express oneself in love and in creativity. 3 Cooking, sewing, embroidery, and decoration were the usual creative outlets for these women, and of course conversation, storytelling, gossip, and advice, which engulfed every waking day of the Mexican lady of the home. 4 Writing for other women was quite naturally an extension of this infrahistorical conversation and gossip.Therefore, if one has the social codes of these women, one can read these novels as a way of life in nineteenth-century Mexico. Laura Esquivel's recognition of this world and its language comes from her Mexican heritage of fiercely independent women, who created a woman's culture within the social prison of marriage. 5 Como agua para chocolate is a parody of nineteenth-century women's periodical fiction in the same way that Don Quijote is a parody of the novel of chivalry. Both genres were expressions of popular culture that created a unique space for a segment of the population.I am using the term parody in the strict sense in which Ziva Ben-Porat has defined it: â€Å"[Parody is] a representation of a modeled reality, which is itself already a particular representation of an original reality. The parodic representations expose the model's conventions and lay bare its devices through the coexistence of the two codes in the same message† (247). Obviously, for the parody to work at its highest level of dual representation, both the parody and the parodic model must be pre sent in the reading experience.Esquivel creates the duality in several ways. First, she begins with the title of the novel, Like Water for Chocolate, a locution which translates as â€Å"water at the boiling point† and is used as a simile in Mexico to describe any event or relationship that is so tense, hot, and extraordinary that it can only be compared to scalding water on the verge of boiling, as called for in the preparation of that most Mexican of all beverages, dating from at least the thirteenth century: hot chocolate (Soustelle, 153-61).Second, the subtitle is taken directly from the model: â€Å"A Novel in Monthly Installments, with Recipes, Romances, and Home Remedies. † Together the title and subtitle therefore cover both the parody and the model. Third, the reader finds upon opening the book, in place of an epigraph, a traditional Mexican proverb: â€Å"A la mesa y a la cama / Una sola vez se llama† (To the table or to bed / You must come when you ar e bid). â€Å"The woodcut that decorates the page is the typical nineteenth-century cooking stove. The fourth and most explicit dualistic technique is Esquivel's reproduction of the format of her model.Each chapter is prefaced by the title, the subtitle, the month, and the recipe for that month. The narration that follows is a combination of direct address on how to prepare the recipe of the month and interspersed stories about the loves and times of the narrator's great-aunt Tita. The narration moves effortlessly from the first person to the third-person omniscient narrative voice of all storytellers. Each chapter ends with the information that the story will be continued and an announcement of what the next month's–that is, the next chapter's–recipe will be.These elements, taken from the model, are never mere embellishments. The recipes and their preparation, as well as the home remedies and their application, are an intrinsic part of the story. There is therefore a n intricate symbiotic relationship between the novel and its model in the reading experience. Each is feeding on the other. In this study I am concerned with the model of the human subject, specifically the female subject, as it is developed in and through language and visual signification in a situated context of time and place.The verbal imaging of the novel makes use of the elaborate signifying system of language as a dwelling place. The visual imagery that at first expands the narrative in the film soon exacts its own place as a nonlinguistic signifying system drawing upon its own repertoire of referentiality and establishing a different model of the human subject than that elucidated by the verbal imagery alone. I intend to examine the novelistic signifying system and the model thus established and then follow with the cinematic signifying system and its model.The speaking subject or narrative voice in the novel is characterized, as Emile Benveniste has shown, as a living prese nce by speaking. That voice begins in the first person, speaking the conversational Mexican Spanish of a woman from Mexico's north, near the U. S. border. Like all Mexican speech, it is clearly marked with register and sociocultural indicators, in this case of the land-owning middle class, mixing colloquial local usage with standard Spanish. The entry point is always the same: the direct address of one woman telling another how to prepare the recipe she is recommending.As one does the cooking, it is quite natural for the cook to liven the session with some storytelling, prompted by the previous preparation of' the food. As she effortlessly moves from first-person culinary instructor to storyteller, she shifts to the third person and gradually appropriates a time and place and refigures a social world. A verbal image emerges of the model Mexican rural, middle-class woman. She must be strong and far more clever than the men who supposedly protect her. She must be pious, observing all the religious requirements of a virtuous daughter, wife, and mother.She must exercise great care to keep her sentimental relations as private as possible, and, most important of all, she must be in control of life in her house, which means essentially the kitchen and bedroom or food and sex. In Esquivel's novel there are four women who must respond to the model: the mother Elena and the three daughters Rosaura, Gertrudis, and Josefita, known as Tita. The ways of living within the limits of the model are demonstrated first by the mother, who thinks of herself as its very incarnation.She interprets the model in terms of control and domination of her entire household. She is represented through a filter of awe and fear, for the ostensible source is Tita's diary-cookbook, written beginning in 1910, when she was fifteen years old, and now transmitted by her grandniece. Therefore the verbal images that characterize Mama Elena must be understood as those of her youngest daughter, who has b een made into a personal servant from the time the little girl was able to work.Mama Elena is depicted as strong, self-reliant, absolutely tyrannical with her daughters and servants, but especially so with Tita, who from birth has been designated as the one who will not marry because she must care for her mother until she dies. Mama Elena believes in order, her order. Although she observes the strictures of church and society, she has secretly had an adulterous love affair with an African American, and her second daughter, Gertrudis, is the offspring of that relationship.This transgression of the norms of proper behavior remains hidden from public view, although there is gossip, but only after her mother's death does Tita discover that Gertrudis is her half-sister. The tyranny imposed on the three sisters is therefore the rigid, self-designed model of a woman's life pitilessly enforced by Mama Elena, and each of the three responds in her own way to the model. Rosaura never questions her mother's authority and follows her dictates submissively; after she is married she becomes an insignificant imitation of her mother.She lacks the strength, skill, and determination of Mama Elena and tries to compensate by appealing to the mother's model as absolute. She therefore tries to live the model, invoking her mother's authority because she has none of her own. Gertrudis does not challenge her mother but instead responds to her emotions and passions in a direct manner unbecoming a lady. This physical directness leads her to adopt an androgynous life-style: she leaves home and her mother's authority, escapes from the brothel where she subsequently landed, and becomes a general of the revolutionary army, taking a subordinate as her lover and, later, husband.When she returns to the family hacienda, she dresses like a man, gives orders like a man, and is the dominant sexual partner. Tita, the youngest of the three daughters, speaks out against her mother's arbitrary rule but cannot escape until she temporarily loses her mind. She is able to survive her mother's harsh rule by transferring her love, joy, sadness, and anger into her cooking. Tita's emotions and passions are the impetus for expression and action, not through the normal means of communication but through the food she prepares. She is therefore able to consummate her love with Pedro through the food she serves.Tal parecia que en un extranio fenomeno de alquimia su ser se habia disuelto en la salsa de rosas, en el cuerpo de las codornices, en el vino y en cada uno de los olores de la comida. De esta manera penetraba en el cuerpo de Pedro, voluptuosa, aromatica, calurosa, completamente sensual. (57) It was as if a strange alchemical process had dissolved her entire being in the rose petal sauce, in the tender flesh of the quails, in the wine, in every one of the meal's aromas. That was the way she entered Pedro's body, hot, voluptuous, perfumed, totally sensuous. 52) This clearly is much more than communication through food or a mere aphrodisiac; this is a form of sexual transubstantiation whereby the rose petal sauce and the quail have been turned into the body of Tita. Thus it is that the reader gets to know these women as persons but, above all, becomes involved with the embodied speaking subject from the past, Tita, represented by her grand-niece (who transmits her story) and her cooking. The reader receives verbal food for the imaginative refiguration of one woman's response to the model that was imposed on her by accident of birth. The body of these women is the place of living.It is the dwelling place of the human subject. The essential questions of health, illness, pregnancy, childbirth, and sexuality are tied very directly in this novel to the physical and emotional needs of the body. The preparation and eating of food is thus a symbolic representation of living, and Tita's cookbook bequeaths to Esperanza and to Esperanza's daughter, her grandniece, a woman's cr eation of space that is hers in a hostile world. Not only was the film adaptation of Como agua para chocolate written by the novelist herself, but in this case the screenplay represents a return to her original discipline.There are many cinematographic elements in the novel, primarily the numerous cuts and fade-outs of the story in order to feature the cooking. The camera is intrusive and can engulf its subject in a visual language that is unique to the voyeur or can replace verbal referentiality by overwhelming the viewer. For example, the opening shot of the film, filling the entire screen with an onion that is being sliced, plunges the viewer into food preparation in a way that no spoken word could parallel for its immediate effect.Similarly, the numerous close-ups of food being prepared, served, and eaten heighten the dominance of the performance of cooking and eating as both sustenance and social ritual. Contrast these images and this emphasis on the joy, sensuality, and even l ust of eating the Mexican cuisine of Tita's kitchen with the scenes of the monks eating in Jean-Jacques Annaud screen version of The Name of the Rose or the raw meat displayed in the monastery's refractory, where the emphasis is on the denial of the flesh through mortification. Gabriel Axel film Babette's Feast, on the other hand, contains both poles of this opposition between gratification and mortification of the body. The minister's two daughters, who substitute religious practice for living and who eat as punishment for having a body, are suddenly exposed to the refinement of food as art, pleasure, and gratification. ) In the film Como agua para chocolate the preparation of food is expressed visually, and the consummation of eating is seen in the faces of the diners; but it must be also emphasized that there is a full spectrum of effects here, ranging from ecstasy to nausea.Perhaps the major difference between Esquivel's novel and the film version is that there is a visual inter text in the latter that evokes the Cinderella fairy tale by using the ghostly appearance of the mother and making her death the result of an attack on the hacienda by outlaws. In the novel Mama Elena does not die until long after the attack and lingers on in partial madness, convinced that Tita is trying to poison her. By cutting short her death to one sudden violent episode and having her visage return to taunt Tita until the latter is able to renounce her heritage, the film makes Tita the Cinderella-like victim of personal abuse.In the novel the rigidity and harshness of Mama Elena is overwhelmingly sociocultural and not peculiar to Tita as victim. The visual intertext of fairy-tale language creates an effective subtext in the film, bringing out the oppression of the protagonist and her magical transcendence. Instead of a fairy godmother, Tita has the voice of her Nacha, the family cook who raised her from infancy amid the smells and sounds of the kitchen. Instead of a magical tra nsformation of dress and carriage to go to the prince's ball, Tita is able to make love through the food she prepares; she is also able to induce sadness and acute physical discomfort.She is therefore able to keep Pedro from having sexual relations with Rosaura by making certain that Rosaura is fat, foul of breath, and given to breaking wind in the most nauseating manner. Mama Elena's ghost first appears one hour into the film and quietly gains the upper hand, since she threatens to curse the child Tita is presumably carrying. The final confrontation between Tita and the ghost comes ten minutes later: Tita defeats the ghost by revealing that she knows Gertrudis is illegitimate and that she hates Elena for everything she has never been to her.The film's visual language is able to evoke images of provocation, contempt, and abuse that are not in the novel. From the fortieth to the forty-fifth minute of the film, part of Tita's immensurably Cinderellalike duties are enacted. Tita is the only one permitted to assist Mama Elena in her bath and with her dressing. The despotic abuse of Tita by Mama Elena clearly borrows the visual images of the cruel stepmother. The magical intermediary is not a beautiful woman in a ball dress, but rather a wrinkled old woman, the cook Nacha, who had given Tita the love Mama Elena denied her.Nacha's voice and face guide Tita. It is Nacha who tells her to use the roses Pedro gave her for the preparation of quail in rose petal sauce, and it is Nacha who prepares the bedroom for the final consummation of love between Tita and Pedro at the end of the film. Tita's magical powers are all related to food, with the exception of the kilometer-long bedspread she knits during her lengthy nights of insomnia. Tita's cooking controls the pattern of living of those in her household because the food she prepares becomes an extension of herself.The culmination of this process of food as art and communication is food as communion. The transubstantiatio n of Tita's quail in rose petal sauce into Tita's body recalls the Roman Catholic doctrine of the communion wafer's becoming the body and blood of Christ, but on a deeper level it is the psychological reality of all women who have nursed an infant. When the baby Roberto loses his wet nurse, Tita is able to take the infant and nurse him in spite of the fact that she has not given birth.Her breasts are filled with milk not because she wishes she were the mother of the child, but because the child needs to eat and she is the provider of food. The viewer of the film Como agua para chocolate must develop her expressive capacity as she broadens her affective experience. Mexican women–and to some extent Latin American women–seeing the film relive their family history, and this is so not only because of the strong and open cultural links between Latin American women in this century, on which both the novel and film draw, but also and perhaps primarily because of the skillful u se of the parodic model.The intertext of women's magazines and the loves, trials, and tribulations featured in the stories they published is used by Esquivel as a discursive code that transcends whatever regional differences may exist. The social registers, the forms of address, the language of the female domain are somewhat lost in translation, because as in cooking, the substitution of ingredients changes the taste.The representation of women in Esquivel's novel and in the film touches on that deepest reservoir of meaning which is the human body as described, seen, and, on the deeper level, understood as the origin of identity. Women from other cultures and other languages can develop an empathetic relationship with Tita, her cooking, her love, and her life. Men of any culture, but especially Mexican men and Latin American men, have the greatest deficiency in experiencing this film and therefore have the most to learn.They must gain access to some fragment of the expressive code o f visual and verbal images that are the infrahistoric codes of their mothers, wives, and daughters. If they cannot gain access to the expressive system, they will not have access to the affective experience of these lives. The imagery of nourishing the body in both the novel and the film provides us with the means for articulating the experiences of cooking, eating, making love, and giving birth in previously unsuspected ways, and thus allows the male intruder a peek into reality.Women's recuperation of artistic creativity within the confinement of the house, and especially the kitchen and the bedroom, is presented by Esquivel not in an ideological argument but rather by means of an intertextual palimpsest which is the hallmark of postmodern art. 6 I want to conclude with three observations on feminist art in this context. 1) This is not a protest movement; it is a celebration of the space of one's own which may have been hidden from view in the past but is now open to all. ) At the center of postmodernism there is the vesting of creative weight on the reader, and this makes intertextuality a means of providing an interpretive context; in the case of Esquivel that context is our grandmother's kitchen and bedroom. 3) The maturity of feminist criticism has moved beyond the need to go headhunting among the misogynist hordes of patriarchy; the challenge today is to celebrate women's creativity in the full domain of the human adventure, from the so-called decorative arts to the fine arts and science.