Overview of Tricyclic Antidepressants

Overview of Tricyclic Antidepressants Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Overview of Tricyclic Antidepressants Older-generation drugs still have their place in treatment By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 23, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 14, 2020 Depression Overview Types Symptoms Causes & Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Coping ADA & Your Rights Depression in Kids Hero Images / Getty Images Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are drugs used to treat depression, bipolar disorder, and other conditions such as chronic pain and insomnia. While newer classes of antidepressant have far fewer side effects, TCAs still have their place in the treatment of these and other disorders. First introduced in the 1950s, tricyclic antidepressants are so-named because their molecular structure is composed of three rings of atoms. How Tricyclic Antidepressants Work Broadly speaking, depression is caused by a chemical imbalance in the brain which results in abnormal communications between nerve cells (neurons). The chemicals that deliver these messages are called neurotransmitters. These chemical messages are relayed from one neuron to the next and, depending on the type of neurotransmitter involved, can influence how you feel and react. Tricyclic antidepressants work by preventing the reabsorption of neurotransmitters called serotonin and norepinephrine. The body needs both of these to function normally. If there is too much of either, you may end up experiencing anxiety. If there is not enough, depression may ensue. Because TCAs prevent the routine reabsorption (reuptake) of these neurotransmitters, there will be more freely circulating in the synaptic cleft between neurons in the brain. If you have depression, the restoration of the serotonin and norepinephrine levels can lead to an improvement in your symptoms.?? Conditions Treated Tricyclic antidepressants are used primarily to treat mood disorders but also have their place in the treatment of anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and neurological disorders.?? They are often used when other drugs are unable to provide relief. Mood disorders often treated with TCAs include: Bipolar disorderDysthymia (persistent mild depression)Major depressive disorder (MDD) Anxiety disorders sometimes treated with TCAs include: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), including eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosaGeneralized anxiety disorder (GAD)Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)Panic disorder (PD)Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Neurological disorders sometimes treated with tricyclic TCAs include: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)Chronic painFibromyalgiaParkinsons diseaseMigraineNeuropathic pain TCAs may also be used to treat insomnia, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), interstitial cystitis, nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting), narcolepsy, and chronic hiccups. Approved Medications With tricyclic antidepressants, like other antidepressants, it will usually take between six to eight weeks before you feel any substantial improvement in your depression symptoms.?? Some of the more commonly prescribed TCAs include: Anafranil (clomipramine)Ascendin (amoxapine)Elavil (amitriptyline)Norpramin (desipramine)Pamelor (nortriptyline)Sinequan (doxepin)Surmontil (trimipramine)Tofranil (imipramine)Vivactil (protriptyline) Common Side Effects While different TCAs have slightly different mechanisms of action, they share similar side effects. Many of these are associated with the effect the drugs have on the smooth muscles of the internal organs. Common side effects include: AnxietyBlurred visionConstipationDizzinessDrowsinessIncreased appetiteMuscle twitchesNausea and vomitingRapid or irregular heart rateSexual dysfunctionSweatingWeaknessWeight gain These side effects may be reduced if treatment is started with lower dosages and then gradually increased. While not strictly addictive per se, the long-term use of TCAs may lead to drug dependence. TCAs are also a significant cause of fatal drug overdoses in the United States.?? Initial symptoms may include dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, dizziness, vomiting,  and hallucinations. If left untreated, an overdose may result in delirium, seizures, coma, cardiac arrest, and death. Drug Interactions Some of the side effects of tricyclic antidepressants may be intensified if taken with other drugs. In other cases, it can affect the bioavailability (concentration) of the drug in the bloodstream. As such, you should always advise your doctor about any substances you may be taking, including over-the-counter medications, herbal remedies, and recreational drugs. Certain drugs are contraindicated for use with tricyclic antidepressants, including:?? Alcohol blocks the action of TCAs and should be avoided.Anticholinergic drugs used to treat urinary incontinence and COPD can cause intestinal paralysis if co-administered with a TCA.Clonidine, used to treat hypertension, can trigger a dangerous rise in blood pressure if used with a TCA.Epinephrine used to treat severe allergic reactions can also trigger severe high blood pressure if used with a TCA.Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, also used as antidepressants, can cause high fever, convulsions, and even death is coadministered with a TCA.Tagamet (cimetidine), used to reduce stomach acid, may increase the concentration of the TCA in your blood, further intensifying the drug side effects. A Word From Verywell Tricyclic antidepressants can be effective in treating depression but may not work as well in some people as others. In some cases, the drug side effects may become intolerable and interfere with your very quality of life. If you are suffering serious side effects, call your doctor immediately but do not stop treatment until your doctor tells you to. Stopping abruptly can cause symptoms of withdrawal, including nausea, fever, chills, headache, dizziness, lethargy, and vomiting. Your doctor may be able to lower your dosage to where treatment is tolerable. If not, he or she would need to gradually taper the dose until you are able to safely stop.

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Religion in August Wilsons Fences Essay examples - 814 Words

In August Wilsons play, Fences, the character, Troy Maxson, is by no definition a religious man. He has created his own religion through his own philosophies, especially baseball. Sandra G. Shannons critical analysis, The Good Christians Come and Gone: The Shifting Role of Christianity in August Wilson Plays, gives analogies for the way Troy deals with his own spirituality. It is agreeable that Troy, like other Wilson characters, deals with religion in his own way. Shannon asserts, this cynical black man does not lay his burdens down at the churchs altar. As is the case with each of Wilsons men, Christianity plays no role in Troys search for comfort and direction (382). Troy never does find comfort and direction, even†¦show more content†¦Troy pushes his wife and his son out of his life by attempting to make them see this life in a very narrow perspective. By doing this he cannot compromise, nor can he ask for forgiveness, (Shannon 383). It is also apparent, Shannon states, that Troy fits death into his baseball analogy as well. She states, Seen this way, its hold becomes less ominous when the victim has a role in determining his own fate (383). I agree with this statement because Troy seeks comfort in baseball. Therefore, he uses it for an uncomfortable situation, death. He is unlike others who may find comfort in God when it comes to the question of death. Shannon also states that Troy describes death as a fastball on the outside corner (383). Shannon is right by stating this because through baseball, Troy does not have to deal with death on a Christian level. He can personify it. This point is also proven in a quote Shannon put in her essay from the book Wrestling Against History by Mei-Ling Ching, Through his intentional mockery of death, [Troy] cleanses himself of his deepest fear and reaffirms his claim to life (383). In addition, Troys relationship with his brother Gabriel is another time Troy is faced with religion and denounces it. Gabriel, who believes he is the Archangel and a spokesman of God, is treatedShow MoreRelatedSpirituality Religion in August Wilsons Fences1072 Words   |  5 PagesFen Spirituality amp; Religion | In August Wilson’s â€Å"Fences† | | Mia Savage ENG 102 Essay #3 | 11/11/2011 | Introduction: â€Å"Fences† is one of ten plays written by August Wilson that document historic periods in Black American life. It is a colorful and thoughtfully written piece that tells the story of one family’s struggle in Civil Rights Era America, an empowering and complicated time for lower and middle class blacks struggling to attain an ideal of the â€Å"American Dream†. TroyRead MoreFences Research1694 Words   |  7 PagesThe Impact of Physical and Psychological Boundaries in August Wilson’s Fences The early 1950’s was a time of enormous importance because of the Civil Rights Movement which emphasized equal rights for blacks and whites. According to the book Approaching Literature, this time period became very familiar to August Wilson, the author of the play Fences. Wilson, an African American man, was raised by his mother and his ex-convict father. For a short period of time, before moving back to hisRead MoreAnalysis Of August Wilsons Fences 1800 Words   |  8 PagesAugust Wilsons â€Å"Fences† takes us on a journey that transforms the 20th century impression of a Negro Family with Insatiability, Tenderness, and Sacrifice. The famous play is an autobiography of an American Negro man who loses his dreams for the people he loves. Fences demonstrates us what sacrifice looks like and how egocentricity still exist today. Fences takes place with a family in Pittsburgh from 1957 to 1965. The characters are Troy, Bono, Rose, Lyons, Gabriel, Cory, and Rayne ll. Fï  ¥Ã¯  ®Ã¯  £Ã¯  ¥Ã¯  ³Ã¯â‚¬  Ã¯  ©s importantRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesUniversity Press, 2005). 74. Richard Alba and Victor Nee, Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005); Milton Gordon, Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion and National Origins (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964). 75. G. William Skinner, â€Å"Creolized Chinese Societies in Southeast Asia,† in Sojourners and Settlers, ed. Anthony Reid, 1–41. 76. Amy Freedman, Political Participation and Ethnic

Dialectical Pluralism on Metaphysical Philosophy Free Essays

Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy responsible for the study of existence. It is the foundation of a worldview. Metaphysical Philosophy is marked out by two types of inquiry. We will write a custom essay sample on Dialectical Pluralism on Metaphysical Philosophy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first aims to be the most general investigation possible into the nature of reality: are there principles applying to everything that is real, to all that is? – if we abstract from the particular nature of existing things that which distinguishes them from each other, what can we know about them merely in virtue of the fact that they exist? The second type of inquiry seeks to uncover what is ultimately real, frequently offering answers in sharp contrast to our everyday experience of the world. The two questions are not the same, since someone quite unworried by the possibility that the world might really be otherwise than it appears might still be engaged by the question of whether there were any general truths applicable to all existing things. But although different, the questions are related: one might well expect a philosopher’s answer to the first to provide at least the underpinnings of their answer to the second. Aristotle proposed the first of these investigations. He called it ‘first philosophy’, sometimes also ‘the science of being’ (more-or-less what ‘ontology’ means); but at some point in antiquity his writings on the topic came to be known as the ‘metaphysics’ – from the Greek for ‘after natural things’, that is, what comes after the study of nature. This is as much as we know of the origin of the word. Metaphysics is the foundation of philosophy. Without an explanation or an interpretation of the world around us, we would be helpless to deal with reality. We could not feed ourselves, or act to preserve our lives. The degree to which our metaphysical worldview is correct is the degree to which we are able to comprehend the world, and act accordingly. Without this firm foundation, all knowledge becomes suspect. Any flaw in our view of reality will make it more difficult to live. Dialectical Pluralism, in philosophy, theory that considers the universe explicable in terms of many principles or composed of many ultimate substances. It describes no particular system and may be embodied in such opposed philosophical concepts as materialism and idealism. Empedocles, G. W. von Leibniz, William James, and Bertrand Russel are among the philosophers generally considered as pluralistic. Pluralism is opposed to monism and dualism. A complex situation involves a plurality of ontological kinds, and so invites the name â€Å"pluralism†. If some form of pluralism is true, then none of the standard â€Å"isms† stands a chance of coming to grips with the actual relationship between mind and physical world. The orthodox mind-body debate, attempting to force a complex situation into simple moulds, would be forever doomed to failure. The four assumptions dictate a certain limited range of basic options, and eventually every option in that range would have been tried; stagnation and regressive oscillation would then be the natural result. In the long run, participants would have no choice but to embrace anomaly or admit defeat. Dogged insistence on working within the orthodox framework would result in little but baroque encrustations of irrelevant detail. In short, if pluralism were true, we would expect to see exactly the kinds of problems that have in fact been afflicting the mind-body debate. This constitutes a prima facie case for rejecting the four assumptions and embracing a pluralist orientation. Pluralism is perfectly consistent with a hard-nosed realism which divorces the question of what kinds of mental entities in fact exist from the question of how we talk about people and what concepts we may have. A realist pluralism of this kind does not try to read ontological commitments directly off our current language or concepts. It is perfectly willing to allow that folk discourses and folk concepts are inadequate to the ontological structure of mental reality. Distinctions built into ordinary ways of talking need not reflect deep ontological distinctions, and there may be ontological differences among kinds of mental entities to which folk talk is entirely oblivious. How to cite Dialectical Pluralism on Metaphysical Philosophy, Papers

Evaluating the Usefulness of Evidence Inquiry in Health Care

Question: Discuss about theEvaluating the Usefulness of Evidence for Inquiry in Health Care. Answer: Evaluating the Usefulness of Evidence Introduction Stress is widely known as the main ingredient in a majority of todays illnesses. As a health practitioner, it is important to know the most efficient drug to any sickness. In this case, the evaluation of evidence is necessary. This apparaisal allows one to make a good judgment while recommending it to any patient. This paper appraises two articles, providing a review of the level of evidence as well as the strengths and weaknesses. Part One: Haaren et al. (2015) Haaren et al. (2015), carefully introduce the article, stating clearly the purpose of the article. The abstract provides a clear and concise look at the article. The test population, sixty-one inactive students, is briefly described, stating clearly that the exercise was a Randomized Controlled Trial. The authors go on to define what daily life stress is, basing their argument on the on different scholarly journals. It is in this introduction that one can understand the necessity of the experiment, through the understanding of the effect of perceived daily stressors on physical as well as emotional functioning. The examples given to enhance this argument have a strong scholarly basis since the authors have relevant cases. Further, the authors labor to connect physical exercise and mental health. Despite this, it is clear that texts provided have a clear background and are well referenced from the word go. The article gives a background of how laboratory-induced stress tasks were once used to conduct similar experiments, and despite positive results, a disadvantage is carefully sourced from a scholarly point of view, stating that this method does not give similar results compared to naturally induced stress tasks. This reference to an earlier method and experiment is very thoughtful as it provides the reader with background knowledge that gave positive results. This is a good foundation of an expectation of enhanced positive results since the AET testing of the students uses natural stress inducers. The body of literature further illustrates the convenience and efficacy of the AET experiment by comparing old ways of methodology, and by concluding that the few studies that had been conducted were cross-sectional. Judging from this, the authors are confident in their experiment, hailing it as an inexpensive strategy that is easy to use and effective at preventing the development of mental disorders such as depression (Haaren Haertel et. al., 2015). Also, the scholars were keen to avoid past mistake by the use of the Ambulatory Assessment. This means that various methods were incorporated to study the given population. This provides strength to the exercise since all methods are compatible and one method can easily cover what may have been left out by the previous method. The team used momentary self-reports, ecological momentary assessments, and observational and physiological methods. The presence of a control group that did not participate in the aerobic exercise provided a reliable comparison for the different effects. This choice strengthens the exercise further since it ensures that both clusters experience similar stressors in the classroom; hence there is a little bias within the control group to bring about the significant error in the results. The assessment periods were chosen, the beginning of the semester and during the examination period, are key contributors to the success of the environment. Clearly, the authors have carefully thought out the life-cycle of a students emotional life in regards to school. This is also observed in the incentive given to the students to attend the experimental group, extra credit, indicating that the authors have clearly studied the cohort under study. This means that the population is properly motivated to contribute and participate in the exercise honestly. This is a key step that further reduces error in the final result. The methodology of measuring mood is however not very efficient. Relating the degree of the students mood, good or bad, to matching numbers indicating intensity on a scale is prone to bias. This bias arises from peer pressure or general lack of surety as to how one feels. This is a weakness that can significantly reduce the efficacy of the results. Despite this, the measurement of aerobic capacity provides an accurate account of the current state. The procedure used to conduct this exercise, assessment of emotional stress pre and post intervention, provides a well-spaced interval for easier and almost accurate intervention. The intensity of the aerobic exercise is near normal. This means that the intervention modeled was within daily practices. The regularity of the exercises was not too intense, but rather designed to fit into the students daily routines. The exercise received positive results with participants who were involved in the exercises experiencing less stress as compared to those in the control group. The authors considerably reduced bias in the experiment and carefully motivated the students. The conclusion offers a precise dissection of the future of aerobic training as a strategy to fight stressors. There is a systematic review of the results. The researchers present the results in stages, from compliance to the relativity factors that one can easily ignore. This strengthens the results by making them easier to understand since they are well broken down and in different aspects. This paper provides Level One evidence type. The Randomized Control Trial is systematically reviewed by the researchers. Also, the evidence qualifies as Grade A evidence, indicating that the evidence is Strong Evidence. Part Two: Kim, Yang, Schroeppel (2013) In their article, Kim, Yang, Schroeppel (2013) find out the effects of Kouk Sun Do (KSD), on mental Health. The articles abstract provides a clear account of the methodology, leaving out any background information on KSD. However, the three researchers are keen to explain the methodology and procedure of the experiment. This ends abruptly with a short conclusion that provides the results of the experiment: KSD has relaxing effects that reduce anxiety and improve mood and self-efficacy. The experiment focuses on University Students who have self-reported anxiety symptoms. This consideration of thirty students who are already willing to participate and have reached out for help to cope with their anxiety provides the researchers with an already motivated group. This translates positively to the results because this population needs minimal supervision and or incentives to participate in the exercises. This is a strength for the experiment as the cohort under study already has a common interest. The control group comprised of students who had anxiety symptoms but did not participate in the exercises. It is important to note that this provides the experiment with a loophole, since these students may still have the desire to seek help on their own to cope with their anxiety. Therefore, it is wrong to assume that these students in the control group, who already have self-reported anxiety symptoms, would wait until the period of the experiment is over to seek help. This is one major source of error in the final results. This weakness crops from the control group that is essential in the final evaluation. The authors decision to conduct two tests, one before the intervention and after, is critical for the experiment. An original record will provide an excellent source of control on a personal level since the accuracy of data from the control group may or may not be compromised. Despite this, participants in the treatment group obtain data with minimal error. This is a strength that contributes to one set of accurate data for each after the intervention. The two by two Analysis of Variance table provides a proper comparison of the change of mood and emotion over time in the groups, under the KSD exercises. According to this table, a reader can conclude at a glance, the interrelation between exercises and time. In the choice of the procedure, ten seventy minutes KSD sessions seem too intense for students, especially those who do not engage in physical exercise. This is one of the major reasons why twelve participants dropped out before the intervention was over. Note that, at first, the students had self-reported anxiety symptoms, implying that a majority had the motivation to join the treatment. However, for forty percent of the willing participants to drop out, this indicates that the exercise was either too much to handle or smooth into while still studying, among other personal reasons. The exercise was not well-designed for the cohort under study. This ten seventy minute sessions can easily be broken down further to reduce the added stress of muscle tension or fatigue the following day. This is a significant weakness in the procedure and methodology preferred. It further illustrates that the researchers did not understand the physical and somatic nature of the students under study. In addition to this, exercise is an activity that goes hand in hand with motivation. The researchers did not motivate the students enough, indicating that for KSD exercises to deem effective, instructors must fully inspire the participants. The use of open-ended questions to proceed with data evaluation strengthened the accuracy of the conclusions drawn from the experiment. Open-ended questions provide detailed insight into the participants experience. Over the entire four week period, the researchers realized a drop in the anxiety symptoms as well as depression. The results were positive, even after comparison with the control group. This means that regardless of any other form of stress coping mechanism that may have been undertaken by anyone in the control group, KSD provides a faster solution to reducing anxiety and depression. This paper provides level II evidence and moderate evidence. Part Three: Justification of Strongest Evidence It is important for Mariana to relax, given her medical history and the stressors in her life. These include minimal family support and her daughters asthma. In addition to this, she has diabetes and also has a rare blood disorder. In the case of Mariana, the first paper by Haaren et al. (2015), is the most relevant in her case. Mariana is concerned about mixing with other students, but the involvement in aerobic exercises provides a standard platform where all participants share a common activity. This means that in this setting, their priorities are more or less the same, and the need to feel different is greatly reduced. Also, asthma from her child is a stress inducer for Mariana. Luckily, she lives close by the school, and she can walk to and from school. As observed in Haaren et al. (2015), even four minutes walks contribute to aerobic exercise. Adding these walks to her general aerobic exercises will aid in the inducing the relaxing effects of aerobic exercises. Consistency in aerobic training will also aid her in coping with diabetes as well as prevent obesity. If Mariana was to fully incorporate the outlined aerobic exercises presented by Haaren et al. (2015), she would reduce her stress in the first two weeks and would experience an improvement in her mood. The exercise times are well designed to fit her school and family schedule. In addition to this, the exercises are gentle enough, yet effective, to suit her self-efficacy. References von Haaren, B., Haertel, S., Stumpp, J., Hey, S., Ebner-Priemer, U. (2015). Reduced emotional stress reactivity to a real-life academic examination stressor in students participating in a 20- week aerobic exercise training: A randomised controlled trial using Ambulatory Assessment. Psychology Of Sport Exercise, 20, 67-75. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.acu.edu.au/login?url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1469 029215000357 Kim, J., Yang, H., Schroeppel, S. (2013). A Pilot Study Examining the Effects of Kouk Sun Do on University Students with Anxiety Symptoms. Stress Health: Journal Of The International Society For The Investigation Of Stress, 29(2), 99-107. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.acu.edu.au/login?url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smi.2431

PROGRAM Master of Public Administration COURSE CODETITLE Public Person

PROGRAM: Master of Public Administration COURSE CODE/TITLE: Public Personnel Administration / PA 222 PRESENTED BY: Marvin C. Bustamante PRESENTED TO: Dr. Yolanda I. Camaya ________________________________________ UNIT II. PUBLIC PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT Personnel management - defined as obtaining, using and maintaining a satisfied workforce. It is a significant part of management concerned with employees at work and with their relationship within the organization. According to Flippo, Personnel management is the planning, organizing, compensation, integration and maintenance of people for the purpose of contributing to organizational, individual and societal goals. According to Brech, Personnel Management is that part which is primarily concerned with human resource of organization. PERSONNEL FUNCTIONS MORALE AND MOTIVATION MORALE: Also known as 'esprit de corps' (Henri Fayol's fourteenth principle of administration) is the amount of confidence felt by a person or group of people, especially when in a dangerous or difficult situation at work/organization. A high morale person will not be afraid from taking up challenges and accept orders. Whereas a low morale person will have limited attention of work and not be open to accept orders. The morale of a person shows his overall adaptability to the overall organizational situation. An employee keeps doing an individual assessment of his work and his organizations status in society and his work environment and management's attitudes towards him and after assessing all this he reaches conclusions as to how to proceed. If his assessment comes out positive then he experiences high morale, but if it comes out negative then he experiences low morale and this can be made out by his behavior and attitude towards his work mentioned above. It is considered as a group phenomenon as mostly employees in a group tend to feel the same way and the factors they take into consideration is used by everyone while doing their own individual assessments. Corruption in administration has a very negative impact on morale of the workforce. Employees seeing no way out tend to have no initiative and lack of will and desire to perform their jobs with optimum energy. MOTIVATION: Motivation is the enthusiasm or reason for doing something. Frederick Herzberg, Abraham Maslow, David McClelland and David McGregor are major contributors to the motivation theory. Motivation is specific to an individual and is almost always an individual phenomena. There are three reasons/aspects to motivation or the lack of it: 1)Needs: These are deficiencies that a person does not have but wants to have. 2)Drives: These are action oriented and provide energy thrust towards goal achievement. Its the very heart of motivational process. 3)Goals: Incentives or pay offs that provide private satisfaction but reinforce the everlasting chain of needs. TYPES OF MOTIVATION: 1)Incentive and position incentive: Helps fulfill the four P's of motivation of employees - Praise, prestige, promotion and paycheck. 2)Negative or fear motivation: This trend is mostly no longer used. It is when a person is coerced into doing a job because he is fearful of consequences if he does not do it. 3)Extrinsic motivation: Pay promotion, status, fringe benefits, retirement plans, holidays/vacations, etc. This motivation is largely monetary in scope. 4)Intrinsic motivation: Feeling of having accomplished something that is worthwhile. It is symbolized by praise, responsibility, recognition, esteem, status, competition and participation. 5)Financial motivation: salary, bonus, profit sharing, leave with pay, etc. 6)Non- financial motivations: Non-financial/monetary in nature. Job enlargement, job rotation, job loading or more responsibility, Job enrichment, Job security, delegation of authority, status and pride, praise and recognition, competition and participation, etc. LABOR MANAGEMENT RELATIONS From EO 292 SEC. 36. Personnel Relations. (1) It shall be the concern of the Commission to provide leadership and assistance in developing employee relations programs in the department or agencies. (2) Every Secretary or head of agency shall take all proper steps toward the creation of an atmosphere conducive to good supervisor-employee relations and the improvement of employee morale. Role of Personnel Manager Personnel manager is the head of personnel department. He performs both managerial and operative functions of management. His role can be summarized as: 1)Personnel manager provides assistance to top management- The top management are the people who decide and frame the primary policies of the concern. All kinds of policies related to personnel or workforce can be framed out effectively by the personnel manager. 2)He advices the line manager as a staff specialist- Personnel manager acts like a staff advisor and assists the line managers in dealing with various personnel matters. 3)As a

Free Essays on Calvism

Reformation was a 16th century movement in western Europe that aimed at changing many teachings of the Roman Catholic church, which resulted in the establishment of the Protestant church. One church existed in Western Europe in the year 1500. The Roman Catholic Church. At the top was the Pope in Rome who literally governed everything. Three things greatly affected the reformation, the renaissance, men were beginning to dominate thought, The printing press, and last but not least the rise of powerful Nation-States with an all powerful monarch. One individual named Martin Luther got extremely angry at the churches selling of indulgences, he posted his 95 Theses at Wittenberg Castle, in which he criticized the selling of indulgences. Part of his anger was that the German money was going to Rome. Thanks to the printing press, the 95 theses was printed all over Germany, and eventually Europe. The reformation strengthened the middle class, Reformation encouraged the spread of education. In both Catholic and Protestant countries, the reformation strengthened the state at the expense of the church. Reformation also led to the colonization of North America, protestants in England were persecuted for their religious beliefs by Queen Mary. "Bloody Mary" murdered many protestants to prevent the growth of the protestant faith in England. This led to a group of Protestants called pilgrims, to make a pilgrimage to the new world, where they would be free to practice their religious belief without fear of persecution. Calvinists are not followers of John Calvin, but of his idea. Calvin's Protestant faith emphasizes the omnipotence of God and the salvation of the elect by God's grace alone, basically the theory of predestination. The "elected" are known as "saints" in the Calvinist faith. Calvin denied that human beings were capable of free will. Calvin also stated that the writings of the scriptures are to be taken literally. Following the history o... Free Essays on Calvism Free Essays on Calvism Reformation was a 16th century movement in western Europe that aimed at changing many teachings of the Roman Catholic church, which resulted in the establishment of the Protestant church. One church existed in Western Europe in the year 1500. The Roman Catholic Church. At the top was the Pope in Rome who literally governed everything. Three things greatly affected the reformation, the renaissance, men were beginning to dominate thought, The printing press, and last but not least the rise of powerful Nation-States with an all powerful monarch. One individual named Martin Luther got extremely angry at the churches selling of indulgences, he posted his 95 Theses at Wittenberg Castle, in which he criticized the selling of indulgences. Part of his anger was that the German money was going to Rome. Thanks to the printing press, the 95 theses was printed all over Germany, and eventually Europe. The reformation strengthened the middle class, Reformation encouraged the spread of education. In both Catholic and Protestant countries, the reformation strengthened the state at the expense of the church. Reformation also led to the colonization of North America, protestants in England were persecuted for their religious beliefs by Queen Mary. "Bloody Mary" murdered many protestants to prevent the growth of the protestant faith in England. This led to a group of Protestants called pilgrims, to make a pilgrimage to the new world, where they would be free to practice their religious belief without fear of persecution. Calvinists are not followers of John Calvin, but of his idea. Calvin's Protestant faith emphasizes the omnipotence of God and the salvation of the elect by God's grace alone, basically the theory of predestination. The "elected" are known as "saints" in the Calvinist faith. Calvin denied that human beings were capable of free will. Calvin also stated that the writings of the scriptures are to be taken literally. Following the history o...